¶1In 1849, the testator, William E. Culbertson, a farmer, executed a will, and subsequently, in 1864, he died, without issue, leaving a widow surviving him. When the will was executed, his live stock, such as horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep, exceeded in value the amount of his indebtedness. He had also at that time a large amount of other personal property, such as farm produce, farming utensils, wagons, carriages, &c. Afterwards he became more largely indebted, so that the live stock owned by him at the time of his death was not sufficient to discharge the liabilities of his estate. The will contained the following clauses:
“Item 1st. I give and devise to my beloved wife the farm on which we now reside, situate,” &c., “ containing three hundred and ten acres, during her natural life, and all the stock, household goods, furniture, provisions, and other goods which may be thereon at the time of my decease, during, her natural life as aforesaid, she however selling so much' thereof as may be sufficient to pay my just debts; incase-’ there is not a sufficiency of stock to pay my debts, then to-> dispose of so much of the land as will satisfy the balance.. Item 2d. At the decease of my wife the foregoing property to be equally divided between our legal heirs. Item 3d. … I authorize them (the executors), if it shall become necessary to pay my debts, to sell by private sale, or in such manner, and upon such terms as they may think proper, any part of my real estate sufficient to pay said debts,” &c.
¶2The question presented is, whether, after the live- stock; the farm was, according to the will, next to be resorted' to for the payment of the debts. The court below resolved this question in the affirmative, but the appellants insist that the personal estate should first be exhausted.
¶3The decision appears to depend-upon the meaning of the-*98•word “stock” as used in that part of the will which directs, «that “in case there is not a sufficiency of stock to pay my” ■(the testator’s) “debts, then to dispose of so much of the land as will satisfy the balance.” If, in thus using the term “ stock,” the testator intended to include his whole personal estate, then the court below erred; but if he meant by it only domestic animals, such as horses; cattle, sheep, swine, and the like, then the judgment should be affirmed.
¶4We are of opinion that the term “stock” was used by the testator in its agricultural sense, as signifying domestic animals and nothing more. The context seems to forbid any larger definition. In this sense, obviously, the word was used in the preceding part of the same clause which enumerates the property bequeathed — “all the stock, household goods, furniture, provisions, and other goods and chattels” which might be on the farm at his decease. It is not to be ••supposed, without something to indicate it, that the same word was again used in the same clause, and, indeed; in another member of the same sentence, in a different sense. Strong support is also given to this construction by the ■circumstance that at the time the instrument was exe•euted the proceeds of the sale of the domestic animals which were then owned by him, and upon the farm, would probably have constituted a fund sufficient for the purpose ■'intended.
¶5The observation of Lord Coke, that “wills and the construction of them do more perplex a man than any other learning, and to make a certain construction of them, this ex-icedU.jurisprudenticB artem” is quite as true now as when it •was uttered. • Indeed, it is highly probable that in this country these instruments are more frequently prepared without the .aid of professional skill and legal knowledge than in ^England, and consequently that the American courts are, .and ¡have been, peculiarly vexed with such questions. We do -not, however, feel any difficulty in the present ease. Settled rules of construction, based upon principles of obvious «reason, seem to us to «make it plain; thus, Mr. Jarman’-s *99tenth rulei “courts will look at the circumstances under which the devisor makes his will — as the state of his property, of his family, and the like;” and the eighteenth,“that words occurring more than once in a will shall be presumed to be used always in the same sense, unless a contrary intention appear by the context, or unless the words be applied to a different subject;” and the twenty-first, “that the construction is not to be varied by events subsequent to the execution,” &c.
¶6Judgment affirmed, with costs.