United States v. Bayer’s Empirical Analysis
331 U.S. 532 · 1947
Citation profile
682 federal appellate · 75 district · 513 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,559 later decisions (37 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2024 · most notably Wong Sun v. United States (1963), Oregon v. Elstad (1985)
682 federal appellate · 75 district · 513 state decisions — followed in 42 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedUnited States v. Bayer (from Second Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 10 U.S.C. § 1567
Relies on Pinkerton v. United States · Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States · McNabb v. United States · Nardone v. United States
Cited together with Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Wong Sun v. United States · Oregon v. Elstad · Brown v. Illinois · Pinkerton v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,559 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Of course, after an accused has once let the cat out of the bag by confessing, no matter what the inducement, he is never thereafter free of the psychological and practical disadvantages of having confessed. He can never get the cat back in the bag. The secret is out for good. In such a sense, a later confession always may be looked upon as fruit of the first.”
90 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Once the judge has made an accurate and correct charge, the extent of its amplification must rest largely in his discretion. The trial judge, in the light of the whole trial and with the jury before him, may feel that to repeat the same words would make them no more clear, and to indulge in variations of statement might well confuse. How far any charge of technical questions of law is really understood by those of lay background would be difficult to ascertain, but it is certainly more evident in the living scene than in a cold record.”
11 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the same overt acts charged in a conspiracy count may also be charged and proved as substantive offenses”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.