Calhoun v. Cook’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

6 federal appellate · 1 district · 1 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 14 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “The white students remaining are concentrated at the extreme northern and southern ends of the district, while the vast middle is a broad belt of industry and high-density solid black housing. The line between these areas is steadily creeping towards the ends, with increased black housing and diminished white housing. Since 1961, it has annually achieved substantial temporary integration by the establishment or construction of “line schools”. However, 34 of those schools have gone from all-white to 90% or more black during the period. This “tipping process" is so rapid that it sometimes occurs by the time a facility deliberately located to increase integration can be completed and occupied. Seldom does it last longer than two years. Since official desegregation in 1961, 24 new schools have been constructed, several of which have been especially built to serve federal housing developments in the inner city. Others were appropriated for such purposes. In spite of official laws and directives to the contrary, the bulk of such developments have been operated as all-black since inception. As a natural consequence, 29 schools provided for such “controlled situations” are substantially black. Enforcement of fair housing legislation under Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 , 88 S.Ct. 2186 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1189 (1968), and Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 will automatically integrate these zones. See Hightower v. West, 430 F.2d 552 at 556 (5th Cir. 1970). The cause of su”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. 395 F. Supp. 444 - Higgins v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.

2. “The time and distance which would be involved is impractical, particularly for children in the primary and elementary grades”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. Frank v. Thompson v. The School Board of the City of Newport News, Virginia, Frank v. Thompson v. The School Board of the City of Newport News, Virginia