Goesaert v. Cleary’s Empirical Analysis
335 U.S. 464 · 1948
Citation profile
136 federal appellate · 53 district · 181 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 613 later decisions (61 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2024 · most notably Dandridge v. Williams (1970), San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)
136 federal appellate · 53 district · 181 state decisions — followed in 29 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. A case is still cited after being overruled — to note the reversal, distinguish it, or in dissent. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 2284
Relies on Yick Wo v. Hopkins · Skinner v. State of Oklahoma Williamson · Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co. · Cannon v. United States · Tigner v. Texas
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 613 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““The Fourteenth Amendment did not tear history up by the roots, and the regulation of the liquor traffic is one of the oldest and most untrammeled of legislative powers. Michigan could, beyond question, forbid all women from working behind a bar. This is so despite the vast changes in the social and legal position of women. The fact that women may now have achieved the virtues that men have long claimed as their prerogatives and now indulge in vices that men have long practiced, does not preclude the States from drawing a sharp line between the sexes, certainly, in such matters as the regulation of the liquor traffic. See the Twenty-First Amendment and Carter v. Virginia, 321 U.S. 131 [ 64 S.Ct. 464 , 88 L.Ed. 605 ], The Constitution does not require legislatures to reflect sociological insight, or shifting social standards, any more than it requires them to keep abreast of the latest scientific standards.” Id. 335 U.S. at 465-466 , 69 S.Ct. at 199 .”
18 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““While Michigan may deny to all women opportunities for bartending, Michigan cannot play favorites among women without rhyme or reason. The constitution in enjoining the equal protection of the laws upon states precludes irrational discrimination as between persons or groups of persons in the incidence of a law. . . . Since bartending by women may, in the allowable legislative judgment, give rise to moral and social problems against which it may devise preventive measures, the legislature need not go to the full length of prohibition if it believes that as to a defined group of females other factors are operating which either eliminate or reduce the moral and social problems otherwise calling for prohibition. “. . . Suffice it to say that ‘A statute is not invalid under the constitution because it might have gone farther than it did, or because it may not succeed in bringing about the result that it tends to produce.’ Roschen v. Ward, 279 U. S. 337, 339 .””
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“"We cannot cross-examine either actually or argumentatively the mind of the Michigan legislators nor question their motives. Since the line they have drawn is not without a basis in reason, we cannot give ear to the suggestion that the real impulse behind this legislature was an unchivalrous desire of male bartenders to try to monopolize the calling."”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.