Bradley v. Milliken’s Empirical Analysis
1971
Citation profile
26 federal appellate · 1 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 48 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently January 1994 · most notably Milliken v. Bradley (1977), Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
26 federal appellate · 1 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1331 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Cooper v. Aaron · Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County · Lucas v. Forty-Fourth General Assembly of Colorado · Sims v. Georgia · Smuck v. Hobson
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 48 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“created and altered attendance zones, . . . grade structures and . . . feeder school patterns in a manner which . . . (maintained) black and white pupils in racially segregated schools.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“admittedly bused black pupils past or away from closer white schools with available space to black schools,”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Governmental actions and inaction at all levels, federal, state and local, have combined, with those of private organizations, such as loaning institutions and real estate associations and brokerage firms, to establish and to maintain the pattern of residential segregation throughout the Detroit metropolitan area. It is no answer to say that restricted practices grew gradually (as the black population in the area increased between 1920 and 1970), or that since 1948 racial restrictions on the ownership of real property have been removed. The policies pursued by both government and private persons and agencies have a continuing and present effect upon the complexion of the community — as we know, the choice of a residence is a relatively infrequent affair. For many years FHA and VA openly advised and advocated the maintenance of “harmonious” neighborhoods, i. e., racially and economically harmonious. The' conditions created continue. While it would be unfair to charge the present defendants with what other governmental officers or agencies have done, it can be said that the actions or the failure to act by the responsible school authorities, both city and state, were linked to that of these other governmental units. When we speak of governmental action we should not view the different agencies as a collection of unrelated units. Perhaps the most that can be said is that all of them, including the school authorities, are, in part, responsible for the segregated condition which e”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.