State v. Kirby

¶1Defendant was convicted in the Circuit Court, upon appeal from a conviction in Justice Court, of the offense of hunting game birds without having procured a license. He was adjudged to pay a fine of $25.00 and costs. From- this judgment he appeals to this Court.

¶2[1-3] At the conclusion of the trial defendant’s counsel asked the court to advise the jury to acquit the'defendant because the facts; proven did not constitute an offense. No grounds, were specified wherein there had been a failure of proof. Because of the denial of such motion, and in the absence of a motion for a new trial, defendant asks us to. review the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict. This we can not do. The motion to. advise the verdict was properly denied because of the absence of such specifications. Davis v. C. & J. Michel Br. Co., 31 S. D. 284, 140 N. W. 694. Therefore, owing to the absence of a motion for a new- trial, the question of the sufficiency of the evidence -to sustain the verdict is not before us. Nor did the motion in arrest of judgment raise that question. C. Cr. P. §432.

¶3[4] Defendant next attacks the sufficiency of the complaint. He claims that it was defective in that it did not allege that the land upon which he hunted was not his own land. The portion of the statute, §30 Chap. 240, Laws of 1909, bearing upon this question is as follows:

¶4“Every resident of this state is prohibited from hunting, tak*285ing or- killing any game bird or game animal, unless he shall have first procured a license therefor as provided in this act. … *Provided, however, that any person may hunt upon his own land without a license during the open season.”

¶5Defendant cites in -support of his contention, Bishop- on Crim. Pro. §§636-642 and a long list of authorities, all of which we have examined. The Attorney General urges that inasmuch as -by the act hunting without a license is made an offense generally, and applicable to all persons, and -that inasmuch as the proviso, merely designates a class of persons to whom the general offense does not apply in certain instances, only, the complaint need not negative the proviso.; that every essential ingredient of the offense is contained in the first sentence of section 30 while the proviso merely prevents it from having- universal application; that the terms of the proviso are matters of defense. In support of his view the Attorney General has cited Kitchens v. State, 116 Ga. 847, 43 S. E. 256; State v. Norton, 45 Vt. 258; Hendricks v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. 934; Poole v. People, 24 Colo. 510, 52 Pac. 1025, 65 Amer. St. Rep. 245; Territory v. Scott, 2 Dak. 212, 6 N. W. 435, and decisions from many other states. We are of the opinion that this question was .long ,a'go settled for this jurisdiction by the decision in Territory .v. Scott, supra. It was not necessary in this case that the complaint negative ownership in defendant- of the land whereon he hunted.

¶6[5] Defendant next .assails the constitutionality of said law in that it violates Sec. 21 of Art. 3 of the of -the constitution of this state which provides that no law shall embrace more than one subject which shall be expressed in its 'title. The title of the act is:

“An act for the preservation, propagation, protection, talcing, use and transportation of game and fish and establishing the office of State Game Warden and defining his duties.”

¶7His claim is that this is a revenue act and that nothing of that nature appears in the title; that the act creates county game wardens not mentioned in.its title; that nothing in the title suggests that large amounts of money were to be collected therefor and expended according to the “sweet will of the officials benefitted therefrom,” or that the provisions of the Penal Code were to be materially -increased, or that -there was to be a -discrimination between residents and non-residents. There might be merit in his *286contention if this were in fact a revenue act. Vernor v. Secy, of State, (Mich.), 146 N. W. 338. But as will hereinafter be seen this is not a revenue act. The act did. not create the office of county game warden. That office was in existence when the'act was passed. 'It merely transferred the power of appointment from the Governor to the State Game Warden. Moreover, if the words in the title: “and establishing the office of State Game Warden and defining Iris duties,” had been omitted the title would still have been broad enough to authorize the provisions in the act for the appointment of the officers mentioned therein to enforce the act. As to the other claims of defendant in regard to the meagerness of the title of the act, we are of the opinion that under the decisions of this court in State v. Morgan, 2 S. D. 32, 48 N. W. 314; Morrow v. Wipf, 22 S. D. 146, 115 N. W. 1121; State v. McPherson, 30 S. D. 547, 139 N. W. 368; and Met. Cas. Ins. Co. v. Basford, 31 S. D. 149, 139 N. W. 795, such claims are trivial.

¶8[6] Defendant next contends that the license fee is a tax and therefore the act is repugnant to several provisions of our constitution. He says:

“Only those things can he licensed which the legislature may properly deem unfit to be handled promiscuously, and if the only requirement of procuring the so-called license is the payment of a fee, then such license fee is a tax and not a license for regulation.”

¶9He further says:

“The right 'to fish and hunt is as ancient as the desire for liberty in the human breast. It will be noticed that section 43 of the act does not attempt to- penalize this ancient right but simply penalizes the failure to pay the tax.”

¶10Pie also claims that the purpose of the act is 'to- extort money for private use in that it provides for offices to.be filled and the' salaries paid out of the proceeds of such license fees. He entirely loses sight of the proposition that the fundamental purpose of the act is the protection and preservation of game and fish for the .people of the present as- well- as for posterity. That the police power of the state is adequate to accomplish this result cannot be questioned. Freund, Police Power, §§'419, 422; 19 Cyc. 1006. In *287so far, therefore, as the natural right to hunt and fish is abridged, •the law is clearly within constitutional limits.

¶11[7] The license fee for residents of the state is $1.00 annually. By the provisions of section 30,

“One-half of all such license money collected 'shall be remitted to the State Treasurer on or before the first day of the succeeding month, who'shall credit the same to the state game fund and one-half shall be deposited by the treasurer to the credit of the county game fund, to be used for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of the game laws of the State:’

¶12The act, then, cannot be construed as a revenue-measure. The express purpose for which the license money, may be used is for the enforcement of the game law. Nothing appears, either from the size of the license fee, nor from the amounts apportioned to the state and county respectively, nor from- circumstances shown in the record, or of which we may take judicial notice, that the securing of state or county revenue was a purpose which actuated the legislature in passing the act. The contrary expressly appears. That all of the license fee may not be required -to meet the expense of procuring and issuing the license -does not constitute the excess a matter of revenue. Such excess is to- be used in enforcing the provisions of the game law and that purpose is a lawful purpose. In re Hoffert, 34 S. D. 271, 148 N. W. 20.

¶13[8] Objection is also made to the act because it contains an appropriation of money, and because appropriation bills require a two-thirds vote of the members, of each branch of the legislature. Appellant claims in his brief, but upon the trial offered no evidence to prove, -that this act was passed by a mere majority vote. Suffice it to- say that if his claim were true, defendant, in his capacity as a law-breaker, is not concerned with those questions. 'Their determination is no necessary part of this case, because even if the appropriation features were invalid, that would not affect the remainder of the act.

¶14[9] Objection is made that the act discriminates against nonresidents of the state. The annual license fee for residents of the state for hunting game animals and game birds is -one dollar and no fee is required for the privilege of fishing. Nonresidents are required to pay an annual fee of fifteen dollars for hunting game birds, twenty-five dollars for hunting game animals, and two *288dollars for fishing. Defendant has not shown himself injured by such discrimination. He has not shown himself to be a nonresident of the state. He cannot, therefore, raise the question of discrimination against non-residents. State v. Becker, 3 S. D. 29, 51 N. W. 1018; State v. Mitchell, 3 S. D. 223, 52 N. W. 1052.

¶15[10] If there be any merit in defendant’s contention, such matters are severable. from the provisions of the act which are in, harmony with the constitution of the state. Therefore, it is of no consequence for the purposes of this case whether there is an unlawful discrimination against non-residents of the state. Pugh v. Pugh, 25 S. D. 7, 124 N. W. 959, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 954.

¶16The judgment appealed from is affirmed.