United States v. Gardner’s Empirical Analysis
347 F.2d 405 · 1965
Citation profile
40 federal appellate · 3 district · 10 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 54 later decisions — most recently May 1980 · most notably United States v. Lyon (1968), Sykes v. United States (1966)
40 federal appellate · 3 district · 10 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2113 · 18 U.S.C. § 371
Relies on Escobedo v. Illinois · Massiah v. United States · Prince v. United States · Delli Paoli v. United States · Manfredi v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 54 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““In a joint trial, incriminating statements made by one defendant which mention another defendant and his conduct are admissible into evidence but only against the declarant. This is also true of a written confession by one defendant which names joint defendants. Delli Paoli v. United States, 352 U. S. 232, 237 , 77 S. Ct. 294 , 1 L. Ed. 2d 278 (1957). Such evidence is hearsay but it is admissible as to the declarant under the admission against interest exception to the hearsay rule. Id. at 240 , 77 S. Ct. 294 . The trial court should be careful at the time of the admission of such evidence and by its instructions make clear to the jury that the evidence is limited to the declarant only and is not to be considered as to other defendants.” (pp. 406, 407.)”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. State v. McCarty
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.