35 Cal. 3d 899 - Hartzell v. Connell’s Empirical Analysis
1984
Citation profile
6 federal appellate · 88 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 99 later decisions — most recently November 2018 · most notably 43 Cal. 3d 1281 - Maria P. v. Riles (1987), 39 Cal. 4th 1164 - Wells v. One2One Learning Foundation (2006)
6 federal appellate · 88 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on New York Times Co. v. Sullivan · San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez · Wieman v. Updegraff · Board of Ed., Island Trees Union Free School Dist. No. 26 v. Pico · 5 Cal. 3d 584 - Serrano v. Priest
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 99 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“to permit school districts `to initiate and carry on any programs, activities, or to otherwise act in any manner which is not in conflict with the laws and purposes for which the school districts are established.'”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“initiate and carry on any program, activity or[ ] otherwise act in any manner which is not in conflict with . . . any law and which is not in conflict with the purposes for which school districts are established.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage““In guaranteeing ‘free’ public schools, ... [article XII, § 1] fixes the precise extent of the financial burden which may be imposed on the right to an education— none_ A school which conditions a student’s participation in educational activities upon the payment of a fee clearly is not a ‘free school.’ “The free school guarantee reflects the people’s judgment that a child’s public education is too important to be left to the budgetary circumstances and decisions of individual families. It makes no distinction between needy and nonneedy families. Individual families, needy or not, may value education more or less depending upon conflicting budget priorities. ifc ‡ ij: “The free school guarantee lifts budgetary decisions concerning public education out of the individual family setting and requires that such decisions be made by the community as a whole. Once the community has decided that a particular educational program is important enough to be offered by its public schools, a student’s participation in that program cannot be made to depend upon his or her family’s decision whether to pay a fee or buy a toaster.” (Citations and a footnote omitted; emphasis in original). 16”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.