Singleton v. Jackson Municipal Separate School District’s Empirical Analysis
355 F.2d 865 · 1966
Citation profile
42 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 57 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2004 · most notably Palmer v. Thompson (1971), United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education (1966)
42 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. · Cooper v. Aaron · Sweatt v. Painter · Bradley v. School Board of Richmond · ROGERS Et Al. v. PAUL Et Al.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 57 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““We attach great weight to the standards established by the Office of Education. The judiciary has of course functions and duties distinct from those of the executive department, but in carrying out a national policy the three departments of government are united by a common objective. There should be a close correlation, therefore, between the judiciary’s standards in enforcing the national policy requiring desegregation of public schools and the executive department’s standards in administering this policy. Absent legal questions, the United States Office of Education is better qualified than the courts and is the more appropriate federal body to weigh administrative difficulties inherent in school desegregation plans. If in some district courts judicial guides for approval of a school desegregation plan are more acceptable to the community or substantially less burdensome than H.E.W. guides, school boards may turn to the federal courts as a means of circumventing the H.E.W. requirements for financial aid. Instead of a uniform policy relatively easy to administer, both the courts and the Office of Education would have to struggle with individual school systems on ad hoc basis. If judicial standards are lower than H.E.W. standards, recalcitrant school boards in effect will receive a premium for recalcitrance; the more the intransigence, the bigger the bonus. * * * “If Selma, Alabama, can commence with desegregation of four grades for 1965-1966, Jackson, Mississippi, can at l”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority““At this stage in the history of desegregation in the deep South a ‘freedom of choice plan is an acceptable method for a school board to use in fulfilling its duty to integrate the school system.’ ””
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“* * * [W]e regard it as essential that the plan provide an adequate start toward elimination of race as a basis for the employment and allocation of teachers, administrators, and other personnel.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.