Billingsley v. Clayton’s Empirical Analysis
359 F.2d 13 · 1966
Citation profile
44 federal appellate · 1 district · 13 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 82 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 1982 · most notably Carter v. Jury Commission of Greene County (1970), Patterson v. State (1975)
44 federal appellate · 1 district · 13 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Swain v. State of Alabama · Brown v. Allen · Snowden v. Hughes · Strauder v. West Virginia · Hernandez v. Texas
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 82 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“"* * * Minimal representation of the group claimed to have been excluded from a particular jury roll in comparison with their proportion of the population is a proper element of proof, but such proof standing alone does not constitute sufficient evidence of constitutional violation if it is adequately explained and is not long continued. * * * * * * "The aim and purpose of the law is to obtain juries which truly represent a cross-section of the community, but there is no constitutional requirement that such juries represent the proportional strength or exact percentage of the various components of the population. * * *"”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““A just and fair trial by an unbiased, unprejudiced and impartial tribunal is one of the great American constitutional principles. There can be no ‘due process’ or ‘equal protection’ unless that principle remains inviolate. * * * There is no expressed constitutional provision as to the class of persons entitled to render jury service, but the law does require that qualified persons not be excluded from jury service on a class basis. * * * It makes no difference whether the exclusion is the result of administrative action or legislative enactment. Both administrative and legislative exclusion are condemned.””
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““For reasons not apparent from the record, it is evident that a large proportion of the Negro community is either uninterested in jury service, or being interested, does not avail itself fully of the opportunity to render jury service. The techniques used by the Jury Board have made the opportunity available.””
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.