¶1The appellant, H. A. Shouse, was- indicted and convicted for forgery in the second degree. Title 14, Sec. 200, Code 1940.
¶2The instrument which is alleged to have been forged is an appeal bond purporting to assure the appearance of Mathew Arnold Wagoner in the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Alabama.
¶3It appears that the appellant was employed by the Esdale Bail Bond Company.
¶4Mr. Wagoner was arrested and charged in two cases with driving while intoxicated. The bonding company made two bonds assuring Mr. Wagoner’s appearance in the Jefferson County Court of Misdemeanors. The defendant failed to appear and forfeitures on the bonds were ordered. The trials of the principal cases were continued to a later time.
¶5According to the tendencies of the State’s evidence, when the date of trials arrived, Mr. Wagoner again did not appear. - The appellant secured a “dummy” or “stand-in” for the real defendant.
¶6The trial judge was, of course, unaware of the fact that a substitution was made. After hearing the evidence, judgments of convictions were ordered in both cases. Appeals were forthwith taken to the circuit court, and the Esdale Bail Bond Company made these bonds. One of these latter ixrstruments became the subject of the forgei-y charge in the instant case.
¶7*617The evidence for the State does not support a position that the defendant in the case at bar signed Mr. Wagoner’s name to the bond. The proof does sustain the ■contention that he aided and abetted in the commission of the offense of forging the signature or that he, with intent to injure or defraud, uttered and published as true the forged instrument.
¶8The effect of the testimony of the appellant and that of his witnesses was that Mr. Wagoner was present at the trials and that the latter duly signed the appeal bond.
¶9We have held that an appearance appeal bond is an instrument in writing which may be made the subject of forgery in the second degree. Terry v. State, 29 Ala.App. 340, 197 So. 44.
¶10On the basis of the State’s evidence the court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to exclude the testimony and in refusing' to him the general affirmative charge.
¶11We are not convinced that the verdict of the jury was contrary to the great preponderance of the evidence. We will not disturb the judgment of the court on the motion for a new trial.
¶12L. P. Bradford, a former employee of the Esdale Bail Bond Company, testified in behalf of the 'State. 'Over appellant’s objections, posing the general grounds, the court permitted this witness to answer the following question:
“While you were working for the Bail Bond Company was there any occasions when Herbert Shouse requested that you go out and request individuals to come into the Jefferson County Court of Misdemeanors, to come and stand up in the court and stand up for some individuals not present?”
¶13The effect of the reply was that the request was made on three occasions and that at one time a party “stood up” for the real defendant.
¶14The insistence is made that this was proof of prior separate offenses and the evidence should not have been allowed.
¶15The appellate courts of this jurisdiction have had numerous occasions to review this question in various forms and approaches. This is illustrated in the following cases: Yarborough v. State, 41 Ala. 405; Gassenheimer v. State, 52 Ala. 313; Curtis v. State, 78 Ala. 12; Stanley v. State, 88 Ala. 154, 7 So. 273; Miller v. State, 130 Ala. 1, 30 So. 379; Jackson v. State, 229 Ala. 48, 155 So. 581; Vincent v. State, 231 Ala. 657, 165 So. 844; Johnson v. State, 242 Ala. 278; 5 So.2d 632; Daniels v. State, 243 Ala. 675, 11 5o.2d 756; Robinson v. State, 243 Ala. 684, 11 So.2d 732; Gardner v. State, 17 Ala.App. 589, 87 So. 885; Dennison v. State, 17 Ala.App. 674, 88 So. 211; Wilkins v. State, 29 Ala.App. 349, 197 So. 75; Lee v. State, 31 Ala.App. 91, 13 So.2d 583; McKenzie v. State, 33 Ala.App. 7, 33 So.2d 484, certiorari denied 250 Ala. 178, 33 So.2d 488, 490.
¶16Wigmore on Evidence contains a very comprehensive discussion of this question. See Vol. II, 3rd Ed., beginning at page 192. Note particularly Sections 304 and 315. See also, 22 C.J.S., Criminal Law, § 688, page 1109.
¶17We held in Wilkins v. State, supra, that for evidence of the nature of instant concern to be admissible it is unnecessary that the act be a crime.
¶18It is urged in the case at bar that the prior acts did not necessarily embrace or comprise forgery charges and were therefore inadmissible because of lack of similarity of offenses.
¶19The holding in the Wilkins case, supra, does not sustain this insistence. The accused was charged with the offense of assault with intent to rape. Proof was allowed that on prior occasions he had made “indecent exposures.”
¶20In the case of McKenzie v. State, supra, the Supreme Court, on certiorari, made this observation:
“And this principle is emphasized in the instant case by the further fact the proof as to the attack on Mrs. Outlaw followed the like pattern or technique as to Miss Eddins, that is, luring her to the same secluded spot and first making use of the pretense of a lost bracelet and the like.”
¶21The evidence for the prosecution in the instant case supports the conclusion that *618the appellant was a party to a very unique plan or scheme, that is, getting a dummy or substitute for the real defendant. The obvious purpose was to prevent a-final judgment against his employer on the appearance bonds. The prior acts or attempts were transactions that had features common to these. .We think that the similarity of the procedures showed the processes of motive,' intent, design, and system in the charged offense. ' . ¡ .
¶22The court permitted Mr. Wagoner to testify that he paid the appellant, or .someone representing the Esdale Bail Bond Company, a bond fee. This related to an undisputed matter. Stallings v. State, 249 Ala. 1, 32 So.2d 233; Wilson v. State, 31 Ala.App. 21, 11 So.2d 563.
¶23In the Jefferson County Court of Mis■demeanors both cases against Mr. Wagoner -were tried on the same day, and an appeal to the circuit court was taken in each case. In the case at bar Mr. Wagoner was allowed to testify that he did not sign either •appeal 'bond assuring his appearance in the latter court, nor did he authorize the insertion of his name on either instrument.
¶24Clearly the substantial rights'of the accused were not infringed by the introduction of this proof. Mr. Wagoner previously testified that he was not present at the trial. If the jury accepted this evidence as a fact, it became inescapably apparent that Mr. Wagoner did not sign either bond.
¶25The same rule is applicable to the testimony of Mr. Wagoner’s son as to transactions and conversations he had with someone representing the Esdale Bail Bond Company. This evidence related to efforts to make settlements of the two criminal cases then -pending against the father of the witness. Supreme Court Rule 45, Code 1940, Tit. 7, Appendix.
¶26According to the State’s- evidence Mr.' Wagoner, Sr. was in Tulsa, Oklahoma on the day if is claimed his signature to the bond was forged. Mr. Wagoner’s son testified that he talked to his father over long distance telephone on October 22, 1950 and mailed him a check to Tulsa on the day following. The alleged forgery was com-' mitted on October 24.
¶27The son was permitted to testify that he knew where his father was because he talked to him over long distance phone and that the call came collect. The ground posed to the objection was that it -called for hearsay testimony.
¶28The questions to which objections were interposed sought to elicit only preliminary information. The son did not declare that his father was in Tulsa on the day of the telephone conversation.
¶2931 C.J.S., Evidence, § 188, beginning at page 909, treats at length the rules relating to- the admissibility of telephone, conversations.
¶30We do not find any reversible error in the matter of instant concern.
¶31Appellant’s attorney urges that at times the court permitted leading questions on the part of the prosecuting officers. There was no abuse of discretion in any incident about which complaint is made. Orr v. State, 225 Ala. 642, 144 So. 867; Millhouse v. State, 235 Ala. 85, 177 So. 556; Bruce v. State, 23 Ala.App. 127, 123 So. 263.
¶32Mr. Ira E. Tisdale, a local attorney, was asked this question: “Prior to the 24th day of October, 1950, had you ever been employed by Mr. Jim Esdale to represent people in Judge Boner’s court?”
¶33The witness answered this question in the negative. The reply removed any possible injury to the rights of the accused. Helms v. State, 254 Ala. 14, 47 So.2d 276; Gills v. State, 35 Ala.App. 119, 45 So.2d 44.
¶34During the progress of the trial the solicitor stated in effect that the State did not contend that the appellant signed Mathew Arnold Wagoner’s name to the bond. On the basis of this admission appellant’s attorney insists that it was error to refuse written instructions A and B.
¶35Whatever other binding effects may be given to the statement of the prosecuting attorney, it cannot be taken to include an admission that the State did not contend that the defendant aided and abetted another in the commission of the offense. The charges, therefore, confined the factual issues within too narrow limitations.
¶36*619It may be pointed out also that the proper hypothesis for charges in criminal cases is “belief ‘from the evidence’.” Bush v. State, 211 Ala. 1, 100 So. 312.
¶37Refused charge numbered 2 was apparently taken from the body of the opinion in Garrison v. State, 217 Ala. 322, 116 So. 705. This, of itself, does not make the charge acceptable. Britling Cafeteria Co. v. Irwin, 229 Ala. 687, 159 So. 228; Maxwell v. State, 32 Ala.App. 487, 27 So.2d 804.
¶38This charge is a mere- statement of a legal truism without being based on the evidence and omitting any reference of how the legal principle had application to the issues in the case. Maxwell v. State, supra; Fleetwood v. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., 246 Ala. 571, 21 So.2d 696, 159 A.L.R. 171.
¶39Refused charges numbered 14 and 53 are covered by the oral charge or given written instructions. Title 7, Sec. 273, Code 1940; Gettings v. State, 32 Ala.App. 644, 29 So.2d 677.
¶40Refused instruction number 21 is not hypothesized on the “belief ‘from the evidence’.” Bush v. State, supra.
¶41Refused charge numbered 28 is not stated in the same verbiage as the instructions which were approved in Griffin v. State, 150 Ala. 49, 43 So. 197; Odom v. State, 172 Ala. 383, 55 So. 820; Jones v. State, 20 Ala.App. 96, 101 So. 67; and Davis v. State, 23 Ala.App. 419, 126 So. 414.
¶42It is very likely that this variation prohibits the controlling effect of- the above authorities. • In any event, in more recent cases the appellate courts have departed from this former holding. Byers v. State, 23 Ala.App. 70, 121 So. 8, certiorari denied 219 Ala. 10, 121 So. 9; Nelson v. State, 35 Ala.App. 1, 46 So.2d 231, certiorari denied 253 Ala. 666, 46 So.2d 236; Clayton v. State, Ala.App., 63 So.2d 564.
¶43To sustain the contention of the impropriety of the refusal of charge numbered 43, appellant’s attorney cites Walker v. State, 153 Ala. 31, 45 So. 640; Hubbard v. State, 10 Ala.App. 47, 64 So. 633; and others. These authorities are no longer followed by our courts. The writer pointed this out in King v. State, 32 Ala.App. 134, 22 So.2d 448.
¶44The charge in the instant case has a tendency to mislead the jury and invades its province. Morris v. State, 18 Ala.App. 456, 93 So. 61; Raymond v. State, 21 Ala. App. 107, 105 So. 394.
¶45The language used in refused charge numbered 54 may be found in the body of appellate court opinions. This alone does not sanction its approval. Authorities, supra. The charge is argumentative.
¶46The guilt or innocence of the defendant is not determinable on the basis of a state of confusion and uncertainty in the mind of the jury. For this reason charge numbered 55 was properly refused. Favors v. State, 32 Ala.App. 139, 22 So.2d 914. The charge also has argumentative tendencies.
¶47Refused instructions numbered 19, 62, 63, and 64 are purely argumentative.
¶48We have attempted to respond to each question that is argued in the very able brief of appellant’s attorney. Those we have omitted relate to legal principles which have been decided against the position of the accused. We will not point these out in this opinion. ,
¶49Both the Assistant Attorney General and appellant’s counsel have favored us with very able, .helpful briefs. Our labors have been lightened on this account.
¶50We find no reversible error appearing in. the record.
¶51The judgment below is ordered affirmed.
¶52Affirmed.