MORRISON
v.
I. & V. FLORIO S. S. CO.
569
only goes to show: First. That one supposed contributing cause of the Springfield's change of position (to-wit, the tide) was not as efficient as the district judge supposed. Second. That when a tug with a car-float lashed to its side has to carry a starboard helm, in order to keep her course, the effect of suddenly letting her helm run amidships will be to give her a swing to starboard. This fact in navigatiori was no doubt well enough known to the district judge without any testimony. Third. Persons who, two years before testifying, had seen the hole in the bow of the City of Springfield, gave evidence as to the appearance of the wreckage, and to their opinions as to the relative positions of the steamer and the car-float at the moment of collision. There is nothing in this to call for any modification of the decree of the district court, which is thereforeafllrmed.
'MORRISON
r.
& V.
FWRIO
S. S. Co.
(DiBtrict Court, D. New JM'8611. November 3, 1888.)
t.
SHIPPING-CARRIAGE OF GooDs-DELAY IN DELIVERy-RISE IN MARKET.
A cargo of prunes. which should have been delivered not later than April 28th, was, by the of respondent. not delivered until June 11th, and then in a damaged condition. They were sold JUly 8th, on which day the market price for sound prunes was 6 cents per pound, but on account of their damaged condition a portion of the prunes brought only lit cents. The market price on April 28th, when they should have been delivered, was 5 cents. Held. that libelant was entitled to recover the difference between the market price on the day of delayed delivery and the. price for which the damaged prunes spld. Respondent cannot be allowed to escape liability by reason of the advance in price in the interval between the dates of required and actual delivery. . Respondent has no cause to complain of the delay in making sale of tho damaged prunes. It was the libelant's duty to prevent a sacrifice. and to. obtain the best market price, and it does not appear that an unteasonable length of time was taken to do this.
SAME-SALE FOR ACCOUNT OF VESSEL-DELAY.
3.
SAME-REBATE IN CUSTOMS DUTIES.
The amount of rebate of duties allowed to the libelant at the custom-houso was the customary one allowed on all fruit cargoes, and had no reference to the damages caused by respondent's negligence; hence respondent was not entitled to the benefit of it.
In Admiralty. On exceptions to commissioner's report. Libel filed by Richard J. Morrison, as administrator, against the I. & V. Florio Steam-Ship Company. There was a decree for libelant, and a reference to ascertain the damages; reported BUb nom. Mina v. SteamShip 00., 23 Fed. Rep. 915. Wing, Shoody Putnam, for libelant. Ullo, Ruebsamen « Hubbs, for respondents. WALES, J. This case was referred to Linsly Rowe, Esq., commieeioner, to ascertain and report the amount of damages, if any, suffered
570
FEDERAL. REPORTER.
by the libelant by reason of the delay of the respondents in trans-shipping, at Palermo, 600 casks f)f prunes, which had been shipped at Trieste, ro be delivered in New York. The prunes should have been delivered in New York not later than the 28th of April, but did not arrive until the 11th of the following June; having been detained at Palermo for 55 days. The question whether there had .been neglect and unreasonable. delay on the part of .the respondents in forwarding the cargo from Palermo was decided by Judge NrxoN, who held that "if any injury resulted to the cargo from this long detention, the loss must be charged to the respondent corporation, which caused it." Mina v. Steam-Ship 00., 23 Fed. Rep. 915. There was some conflict in the testimony submitted to the commissioner as to the condition of the fruit when it arrived in New York, and whether its damaged condition was the effect of inherent deterioration, or of exposure for an unreasonable time to the hot climate of Sicily. On both of these points the preponderating proof sustains the allegations of the libel. The fruit had been selected with unusual care, having been twice inspected before it was shipped at Trieste. While at Palermo, it was stored in an old hulk, or for nearly two months of the hottest period of the year in that region. The result of such exposure could not be other than injurious. On the extent of the injury but it cerdirectly traceable to that cause the testimony is tainly does not require very much evidence to prove that perishable articles, like prunes, cannot stand long exposure to a tropical climate without risk of serious injury, if not of a total loss. As a matter of fact, about two-thirds of the prunes were found damaged, when examined in New York, immediately after their delivery. The libelant notified the respondents' agents that in consequence of the wrongful detention he would hold .the respondents liable for damages, and requested them to appoint some person to represent them at an inspection of the fruit, with the view to an amicable adjustment. This request was declined, or at least not complied with, and the libelant's experts inspected the casks in the absence of the respondents;, and made written reports, which are among the exhibits in the case. One of these inspectf)rs states that 409 casks were damaged from 12 to 30 per cent. in value, and the other says that he never saw prunell, arriving between January and June, as badly injured. The respondents' witnesses contradict these statements, but their examination of the fruit was superficial; their report was not reduced to writing; and, as they gave their testimony from recollection long afterwards, it cannot be deemed of equal weight with the libelant's proofs. The prunes were sold on the8th of July, within less than one month aftE'rtheir delivery. One hundred and ninety-one casks of sound fruit brought six cents per pound,and 409 casks of damaged fruit sold for five and one-quarter cents per pound. On the day of the sale the market price of sound prunes was six cents; and the libelant claims as the measure of his loss the difference between that price and the one for which the damaged casks sold, which would be three-fourths of a cent. On the other hand, the respondents contend that the libelant is not entitled to recover anything, on the broad ground that the delay in deliv-
MORRISON t1. I. &: V. FLORIOS. B. CO.
571
ering the prunes, instead of being a loss, resulted in an profit to the libelant;. in other words, that the prunes sold for much more on the 8th of July than they would have sold for on the 28th of the preceding April, the day when they should have been delivered. Reduced to fig. ures, the libelant made a total profit, on the whole lot of GOO casks, in consequence of the advance in the market price between April and July 8th, of $4,818.08. The commissioner, after a careful review of the evidence, and an elab. orate discussion of the law relating to the rule of damages in such cases, hasfound forthe libelant; his loss on the sale of the unsound prunes at one-half cent. on the pound, that being the difference between the market price of sound prunes on June 11th, the day of delayed de. livery, (5t cents) and the price for which the damaged prunes sold on the 8th of July, (5t cents.) The items of damage are reported as follows: $2.783 56 Damage to 409 casks prunes weighing net 556,7121bs, atl c. Cooperage · 120 00 Interest on ahove from .June 18. 1881, Interest on invoice, $33,000, for 40 days, · 1,161 50 220 00 $4,285 06 $2,U0356
In fixing this measure of damages, the commissioner says: "The testimony shows that the prices for the season were as follows: March, 5& cents; April and May, 5 cents; June, at the time of arrival. 5} cents; and July, 6 cents. This gi ves as the average price for the season 5! cents. ... ... ... Upon a careful consideration of the whole matter, I am of opinion that, un· derthe circumstances of this case, the damages must be measured by the price at tbe date of delivery, which iii proved to be 51 cents." The libelant claimed the difference between 5t cents and 6 cents,. but the commissioner justly concluded that he had no right to store· the goods and wait for a rising market; the libelant was obliged to use rea· Bonable diligence in disposing of the goods, but not to delay the sale at the risk of further deterioration of a perishable article. The exception to the principal item of damage would have some validity if the delayed delivery had not been caused by the fault of the respondents; but, it hav. ing been decided that the long detention at Palermo was directly attrilr utable to their neglect to provide means for prompt trans-shipment, they cannot now be allowed. to take advantage of their own wrong, and claim a participation of profits out of a rise in the market price. The profit accruing from the accidental rise in the market belonged to the libelant, and it would be an extraordinary misapplication of the princi. pIes of justice to allow the respondents to escape all liability for their neg· ligence and dereliction of duty by depriving the libelant of any recom· pense for their wrong because of the ad vance in price. To do this would be .to .bestow a pre,niutll 011 the misconduct of respondtmts, The illustration pres;mted on the argument by libelant's proctor exhibits the danger of adopting the rule contended for by respondents. Here were
572
FEDERAL REPORTER.
600 casks of prunes, consigned to the libelant. Suppose that the price had doubled between April 28th, the day when they should have been delivered, and June 11th, the day of actual delivery; suppose also that 300 casks were delivered sound, and the other 300 were totally destroyed by the fault of the carrier,-can the ship-owner claim that the doubling of the market price had relieved him from payment for the half destroyed? , It is admitted that, had the delay occurred without fault on the part of the carrier, the libelant would not be entitled to recover; it having been well settled .by competent authority that, in long and uncertain voyages' by sea, the damages by the fall of the market are too remote to be recoverable against the carrier. The Parana, 2 Prob. Div. 118; The Notting Hill, 9 Prob. Div. 105. In the latter case, it was said by Sir JAMES HANNEN that the loss of market is an accidental loss, and the allowance of selch a claim would also be contrary to the long-established practice of the admiralty court. But here there was no proof that the long delay was caused by any stress of weather, but it is proved to have arisen from the respondents' neglect to provide for the more direct transportation of the merchandise to New York after its arrival at Palermo. In the case of The Sabioncello, 8 Ben. 90, rngs damaged by contact with petroleum were sold at auction, and bought by the consignee, and by him manufactured into paper, which brought the same price as paper manufactured from sound goods. It was held that the price as determined by the sale fixed the damages; and that the subsequent manufacture into paper could not reduce the damages resulting from the saturation. Even where the measure of damages has been fixed by the parties, the carrier cannot be exempted from the consequences of his own wrong by the sale of the goods at an advanced price. In Pearsev. StearnShip Co., 24 Fed. Rep. 285, the bill of lading was for 14 bales, 3 of which were damaged. It contained the clause that "in case of damage, loss, or non-delivery, the ship-owners will not be liable for more than the invoice value of the goods." 'fheinvoice value of the goods was $2,692.16; the price obtained for the whole in the foreign market was $2,901.85. The invoice value of the damaged goods alone was $571.05; the actual price received for them was $184.85. The respondents there contended that the stipulation of the bill of lading should be construed as limiting their responsibility to the invoice value of the shipment as a whole; and that the carriers were not to be liable for any loss or damage, provided the shipper ultimately realized at the port of destination the whole invoice value. But the court held that, if the constructioB contended for by the claimants were the proper meaning of the limiting clause, it would be void upon grounds of public policy, as unreasonable, and as affording a direct encouragement to the theft or non-delivery of the shipper's goods; for on every shipment, whether there was a loss or not, the carrier might without accountability appropriattl to his own use enough of the owner's goods to reduce the aggregate value of what remained in the foreign market to the invoice value of the wbole; a result destructive of all commerce, because enabling the carrier to appropriate all its profits. The decree in that case was that the libelant was awarded the difference between the
CARD V. HINES.
573
in.voice value ofthe goods damaged and freight, and the net proceeds of the sale of them. See, also, Sedg. Dam. (Ed. 1880) 56, note "Damages not reduced by benefit [to plaintiff] accruing through defendant's wrong." Nor have the respondents any just cause to complain of the postponement of the sale of the damaged prunes. The interval of time that elapsed between the day of delivery and the day of sale was not long. It was the duty of the libelant to prevent a sacrifice of his property, and to obtain the best market price; and this course was equallyadvantageous to the respondents; for if the damaged prunes had been sold immediately on their arrival, it is quite probable that they would have sold for less than they did. There is no evidence that they might have brought more. Moreover, it is questionable whether the libelant would have been justified in making an immediate sale, and without any en. deavor to secure the highest attainable price. In The Marinin S., 28 Fed. Rep. 668, it was said to be unreasonable to throw a large quantity of goods on the market for sale at auction as damaged goods, upon a slight examination, at the assumed risk and loss of the vessel; and that a court of admiralty would not support any such preeipitate action. It was held that the master was entitled to the same against unreasonable and indiscriminate sales by the consignee, in the port of discharge on the vessel's account and risk, that is imposed on the master in favor of the owner on a sale by the master in a foreign port. The respondents further claim that the amount of rebate of duties allowed to the libelant at the custom-house should be deducted from the damages ascertained by the commissioner. This question has been already adjudicated. The Erae, 9 Ben. 191, 17 Blatch. 16; The Lizzie W. Virden,8 Fed. Rep. 624. The rebate was the customary one allowed on all fruit cargoes, the benefit of which belonged to the owner, and had no reference to the damages caused by the respondents' neglect; and differing in this respect from The Mangalare, 23 Fed. Rep. 463, cited by the respondents' proctor. The exceptions are overruled, and the report confirmed, and it is ordered that a decree be entered for the libelant for the amount found to be due by the commissioner, with interest on the sum cf $2,903.56 from the 15th day of February, 1888, (the date of filing the report,) to the day of entering the decree, with costs.
CARD
HINES.
(Diatrie! (Jourl, D. South Oarolina.
November 10, 1888.
ADMIRALTY-PnACTICE-AMENDMENT-SERVICE OF NOTICE-GENERAL APPEAR· ANCE-EFFECT.
A libel for an alleged breach of a charter-party, made by the owners of a certain steam-ship, was brought against respondent under the allegation that he was the sole owner. Respondent not being within the jurisdiction of 'the court, the ship was attached, upon which respondent's proctors put in a general appearance for him, filed security, and obtained release of the vessel. A