NORTON V. TA-fING"DIStRICT
jud.gment was'paid.Tbi(j1and\Vas sold, but flidrtot bring enough to pafr GilbetVs· jtrdgtnent,so that neither Hays, nor anyone claiming through him, has: any interest in the proceeds of the sale. To sustain the motion in this case, it is insisted with great earnestness that the possession of Rays , in continuing to cut and remove the timber on said 'land, and by the temporary sheds or camps in which his employes staid while so employed, was notice to the world that the deed was in fact a mortgage, and of his title as a mortgagor, and that Klein's interest as a Illortgagee was not subject to Gilbert's attachment, but cOurd only berellched by garnishmerit or bill in equity; that as Gilbert did not pursue either remedy, and as Mrs. Bowles did pursue the remedy by garnishment, she is entitled to the proceeds of the sale of the land. But Hays having joined in the deed conveying the timber on the land out, and to be cut by him, his possession was entirely consistent with Klein's title under his deed, and left Gilbert with no notice, actual or tive, of Hay's equity in the land, or that he was indebted to Klein or the bank in any sum whatever, so that Gilbert had a right to suppose that Klein was the legal owner of the land. without any equity or claim against his title, and hence his right to pursue his remedy by attachment. The questions raised have heen ably presented by counsel in favor of the motion, but I am unable to find any error in the decree sought to be set aside. Therefore, the motion will be overruled, and an order entered that the proce.eds of the sale be paid over to Gilbert.
NORTON V. TAXING DISTRICT OF BROWNSVILLE.
(Oircuit (JDUrt,
w: D.
Tennea8u. June, 18BS.)
1.
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS-BaNDs-AuTHORITY TO ISSUE-STATUTEs-RE· PEAL BY CONSTITUTION.
An act authoriZing a municipality to issue bonds upon a majority vote of the qualified electors is abrogated by the new constitution of Tennessee of 1870, taking effect before the election is held and the bonds are issued, and requiring a three·fourths vote to pledge the credit of the municipality, al· though at the election the new requirement as to the vote be complied with , in fact. So held by the former circuit judge. the district judge dubitante. STARE DECISIS-PRACTICE IN FEDERAL CIRCUIT COURTS.
2.
If municipal bonds be declared invalid by the judgment of one of the judges holding the circuit court, and the case be pending on writ of error in the suo preme court. in a subsequent suit involving the same bonds, tried by one of the other judges holding the court. the former judgment should be followed, notwithstanding anydifference of opinion as to the validity of the bonds, until the supreme court has pllossed upon the questions involved by the controversy.
At Law. On motion for new trial. Suit upon coupons of bonds in aid of a railroad1col'poration, issued by the defendant in pursuance of an act, of the legislature of February 8, 1870, c. 55, upon ali flection held June 13, 1870, under anordi-
100
FEDERAL REPORTER.
nance o{the municipality p,ssed May 12, 1870, the bonds reciting that they were issued in conformIty with that act; the vote for the bonds being unanimous. The date of the bonds was July 1, 1870. But on the 5th day of May, 1870, the new constitution of Tennessee took effect, before the new election was ordered or held, and betore the bonds were issued; and by that instrument it was declared that" the credit of no county, city" or town shall be given or loaned to or in aid of any person, company,association, or corporation, except upon an election to be first held by the qualified 'voters of such county, city, or town, and the assent of three-fourths of the votes cast at said election." Const. Tenn. 1870, art. 2, § 29. The late Oircuit Judge BAXTER, in a suit between these same parties upon other coupons of the same bonds, declared the bonds invali<i, and directed judgment for the defendant, upon the ground that the newcollstitution abrogates the old act of the legislature entirely, and that there was no legislative !Luthority whatever for the bonds. Be. fore the new constitution only a majority of the votes cast was required to authorize bonds to be issued. The cpurt directed a verdict and judgment for the defendant. Orajt & Ooopm-, for plaintiff. , Smith & CoUim- and Bond & Rutledge, for defendant. HAMMOND, J., (ajtm- stating thejactB as above.), This case, by agreement, was heard with anothe).' for convenience, and Up.Oll the agreed statement of facts filed in the record. The motion for a new trial involves only the same questions raised at the trial, and proceeds upon the ground that the court erred in directing a verdict for the defendant upon the law of the case. I do not deem it necessary to ,consider the merits of the controversy involved ,in the case at any length, for the reason that, following a former decision of this court in a suit involving the same bonds, or the coupons upon them, it seems to me that the same judgment must result here. And as that case is pending in the supreme court, to which this may be likewise taken and heard along with it, there seems to be no good cause for any further expression of opinion in this court upon these questions. But at the request of counsel on both sides it is proper to state that there was in that case no written opinion py the lat,eOircuit Judge BAXTER, who heard it sitting alone. He consuIted me, however, about the questions presented, and died, pending the motion for a new trial there made, after having reached a determination to direct a verdict for the defendant, and, requesting me to have that order entered, as he passed through to the Hot Springs, where his death took place before his return to Memphis. The duty of directing a verdict before another jury and of signing the bill of exceptions was devolved on me, and in this way I became familiar with the disposition of that case, and fully informed as to his opinion concerning it. It is that opinion I am endeavoring to follow and enforce in this case, notwithstanding any judgment of my own which might be reached by an independentcQnsideration of the questionsargned on this trial. ifcstly this is. the. wisest course, and that which proper judicial
NORTON .,. TA.XING DISTRICT OF ls{iOWNSVILLE.
101
requires, under the circumstances, particularly as the self-same issues of bonds are involved in all the cases, and that which he decided is yet pending in the appellate tribunal. Diverse judgments should be avoided, if possible, under such circumstances, always. But it is contended that this case presents a somewhat different state of facts, and demands a different judgment, and that it would be proper for the court as now constituted to proceed independently of that precedent to another judgment, if this case requires it. The only additional facts were considered by him, as I know; and while, technically, perhaps, there is that difference suggested, it was about those very facts that there was some divergence of opinion, or a tendency to that, between us upon the law of the case as then presented; and it was only because of the needlessness of these very facts that he concluded that it was not worth while to reopen the case. It will be remembered that, as tried before him, there was, owing to the absence of counsel, a verdict for the plaintiff in that case, with an agreement of counsel that the case was to be argued on motion for a new trial, and, if he came to the conclusion that the bonds were invalid, he was to direct a verdict for the defendant, which he did, but died before the entries could be made. The plaintiff's counsel then desired a new trial, to present these arlditional facts in the record; and, knowing that the circuit judge had considered them upon the argument as immaterial and irrelevant, I did not feel authorized to grant a new trial because of these facts; particularly as the plaintiff might have presented them originally if he had deemed them material, and thereby invoked a ruling upon that point. So, here, I follow the ruling of the circuit judge in that case, and direct a verdict in this as he would have donp. if it were tried before him. Perhaps I should explain that these additIOnal facts are that the election upon which the bonds were issued was, in point of fact, a with the new constitution of the state, and that the proposition to issue the bonds received the majority required by that instrument, and not the less majority only which had been required by the authorization act of the legislature. Now, before the circuitjudge, he was asked to imply that fact, and he did; or, at least, he concluded that it was wholly immaterial, since it was his oplllion that the new constitution had the effect to abrogate the original authorization act in toto, so that the city of Brownsville no longer had any authority to issue these bonds, and that it would require a new act of the legislature conferring the authority in conformity to and upon compliance with the new conditions established by the constitution of 1870. He thought, therefore, that the fact of the election having resulted in a majority sufficiently large under the new constitution; would not avail the plaintiff in the least. I suggested to him that the actual fact did not appear by that record, and should not, possibly, be implied upon the face· of the bonds, from the bare fact that the election had been held snbsequently to the adoption of the new constitution, as it was contended by plaintiffshould be implied; that it was a fact that might be either way, and that the implications might be evenly balanced, whether the authorities proceeded on the authority of the original act to issue bonds
102
upon a mere majority of the votes cast at the election, or upon the theory of the new constitution notto issue them unless there was a majority of three-fourths, 'as required by that instrument; that, possibly, the law should be held to be that the new constitution only modified the act of authority to issue the bonds, and supplemented that legislative grant of power with a new condition, which, if complied with, would make the issue of bonds as valid as if the original act had so required, or as if any new act had incorporated that new condition; and further that I was inclined to that opinion. Green v.Dyersburg, 2 Flip. 477; Norton v. Town of Dyersburg, 127 U. S. 163, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1111. Norton v. Shelby (Jounty, 118 U. S. 425, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1121. The circuit judge took a,different view, and asked me to set aside the verdict for the plaintiff. and to direct one for the defendant, which, owing to delays of counsel, wl1s:not done till after his death; and, knowing my inclination as above stated, the plaintiff's counsel sought on motion for a new trial before me to obtain a different result by reopening the case, and upon another trial proving the fact, now proved in this case. that there was in fact a three-fourths majority. But I thought that justice required that the parties should be held to their agreement before the circuit judge, and that, he being dead, it was more particularly important that the defendant should have the judgment he had rendered in the case, as the parties had made it before him. And, for the same reason, I have disregarded here any inclination of my own, and do not take the trouble to determine how far that inclination would lead. towards a different view from that of the late cir· cuit judge, it being my judgment that the bonds should stand as he left them, so far as this court is concerned. his judgment on the first case to be taken as the precedent for these cases. No injustice is done. as the parties by writ of error may invoke the judgment of the supreme court, and thereby setUe the law of the case for each and all the bonds But the parties have the right, no doubt, that this court shall declare the basis of this ruling. Motion overruled.
HARPER t1. NORFOLK &
W. R. Co.
(Cirouit Oourt. W; D. Virginia. November 5, 1887.) L ACTION FOR WRONGFUL DEATH-JURISDICTION-FEDERAL COURTS.
.. SAME-PARTIES.
In such action the real beneficiaries need not be named in the declaration.
