majority">TOLLEY, J.

Plaintiff had judgment against the defendant for damages for the alienation of the affection and loss of the society of plaintiff’s wife, alleged to have been caused by the wrongful and unlawful acts of defendant, and for criminal conversation by defendant with plaintiff’s said wife.

[1] It is first contended by defendant that the complaint states but one cause of action, which is based upon criminal conversation; that there is no evidence to- support this cause of action; and that, for that reason, plaintiff is not entitled to recover. With this contention we cannot, agree. While the causes of action are not separately stated, as they should be, the complaint does state two distinct causes of action. The charge that defendant wrongfully induced Mrs. Maiden to transfer her affections from plaintiff to defendant constitutes a cause of action, without charging criminal conversation. Likewise the charge that defendant had criminal conversation with Mrs. Maiden constitutes a cause of action, without alleging any attempt on the part of defendant to alienate the affections of plaintiff’s wife, and the court properly charged the jury that the complaint does state two- causes of action. The fact that the two causes of action were not separately stated, and’ that nio specific wrongful acts are charged against defendant, is his own fault, as he could, by motion, have required plaintiff to have separately stated his causes of action and to have more specifically charged the wrongful acts alleged to have been committed by defendant.

[2] In this case, as is usual in this class of actions, there is no direct evidence that defendant and Mrs. Maiden ever committed adultery, or that he ever, by word or act, alienated, or attempted to alienate, her affections from the plaintiff. Many of the acts (hat were shown, in support of plaintiff’s theory of the case were, as explained, equally consistent with innocence on the part of the defendant; so that whether defendant is guilty under either charge contained in the complaint is purely a matter of inference for the jury, and as a rule we would be reluctant, in this kind of a case, to- disturb a verdict based upon competent evidence on the sole ground of the insufficiency of the evidence. But it is contended by appellant that he was prejudiced by certain rulings of (he court in the admission and exclusion of certain testimony.

*455A witness for plaintiff was asked this question-: “State what you said when' you left there.” This was objected to -on the ground that it was incompetent and immaterial, and not binding on the defendant. The objection was overruled, and the ruling is assigned as error. What was said at this conversation was hot only w’holiy immaterial to any issue in the ease, but, having taken ■place in the absence of defendant, was in no wise binding upon him, and the answer should have been, excluded.

[3] One of the witnesses for plaintiff, who testified as to the conduct of defendant and Mrs. Maiden, was asked this question: “During the time you knew them up there, what was the appearance of the relations between Mrs. Maiden and Mr. Boyd?” This was objected to on the ground, among others, that the question called for a conclusion of the witness, and was incompetent and immaterial. The objection was overruled, and the witness answered: “I noticed he paid attentions to her.” The same witness was then asked this question: “State, in your own way, what these attentions he paid- her -were.” To- which he answered: “* * * He seemed desirous of her -company.” Appellant moved to strike out this answer, on the ground that it was a conclusion of the witness, and was not responsive to the iqiuestion. The motion was overruled, and the ruling thereon is asigned as error. These questions do- not -call- for statements of fact, .and the answers do not purport to state facts. They call rather for the conclusion of the witness, -deduced- from what the witness had observed of the conduct- of Mrs. Maiden and the defendant toward each other, 'and, -under the general rule requiring a witness to state facts, and not -conclusions, this testimony should have been ex-cluded. But to this rule, as to most -other rules, there -are exceptions. It has been held in- numerous cases that, when the occurrences that are the subject of the testimony are of such a nature that they cannot be described as they appeared to the witness, it -is- competent for the witness to give the impression produced on his mind -by such occurrences: Wigmore on Evidence, § 1974; Jones on Evidence, (2d Ed.) 361. We believe that the -testimony complained -of by appellant comes within this exception to- the general rule and -w-as- properly -admitted. Ju-s-t when- such testimony is competent depends upon the particular -case under -consideration and rests largely in the discretion of thie -trial judge. *456But, for the .purpose of testing the correctness of the witness’ conclusion, thorough cross-examination should be allowed. The testimony that is the basis of assignments Nos. 2 to 11, inclusive, is all subject to- this rule and was properly admitted.

[4] Plaintiff, while on the stand, was permitted, over - defendant’s objection, to answer the following question: “What were y-o-ur wife’s services worth to you in keeping y-our home and looking after your home?” There was no error in permitting* this question to- be answered. While, the jury was in no wise bound by the answer, it was .proper for what it was worth to- furnish the jury with some-basis on which to- -work in arriving at the amount of damages, if any, plaintiff had suffered.

Defendant called- Mrs. Maiden to the witness stand and undertook 'to use her a-s a witness on 'his behalf. This was objected to by plaintiff, upon the ground that she was forbidden, by the provisions of. section 486, C. C. Pro., to- -testify against her husband. As ifche case must be reversed on -other grounds, and • as section 486 has -been so- amended (chapter 371, Laws 1913) that the question cannot arise -again, it is not necessary to discuss or ■decide this question.

The materiality of the matters called for by the questions covered by assignments Nos. 21 and 22 -does not appear, and the. objections were properly sustained.

As the judgment must be reversed on -other grounds, we do not -deem- it necessary to consider assignments Nos. 12, 19, 20, 23, and 24.

At the close of plaintiff’s -testimony, and again at the close of all the testimony, defendant moved for a verdict on the ground that 'the evidence was not sufficient to- support a verdict for the plaintiff. As the -evidence may not be the same on another trial, it is not necessary to discuss the sufficiency of the evidence to support the present verdict.

[5] At the close of the trial, the defendant requested certain instructions to be given the jury. The request was refused, and suoli refusal is assigned as error. The first, second, third, and eighth 'of these requested instructions correctly state the law applicable to this -case, and the refusal to give the same would have constituted reversible error, liad the su'bs-tance of such instructions not 'been incorporated in the other instructions given by *457•the court; but we believe the substance of • said requested instructions was fairly covered by the instructions given by the count, and the defendant was not prejudiced by the refusal complained of.

No evidence was received that -would warrant the giving of requested instructions Nos. 4 and 6, and the same were properly refused.

[6] Requested instruction No. 7 is as follows:

“The plaintiffs complaint charges the alienation of his wife’s affections by means of adultery having been committed with her 'by the defendant. Now, before the plaintiff can recover under this count, he must satisfy you that the defendant committed adultery with the plaintiff’s wife substantially at the time and place and under the circumstances alleged by the plaintiff in his complaint. Mere opportunity to commit adultery is not sufficient to establish this offense. There must be evidence of such fact and circumstances, time and place, and association together as would naturally lead a man of ordinary care and prudence to the conclusion that such parties did have illicit sexual intercourse.”

The refusal to give this instruction is clearly error of a prejudicial nature. There was no direct evidence of adultery. There was no evidence that even approximately fixed a time whep, or place where, that offense could shave been committed. It is alleged in the complaint to have occurred on and after the 1st day of March, 1911. 'Whether or not they had an opportunity to commit adultery after that time is by no- means clear from the evidence; but, conceding they had opportunity, that, of itself, is not sufficient to> prove the offense, nor to warrant the inference that it had been committed. ■ In addition to’ opportunity, it must be shown that each of the 'parties had a disposition to have illicit intercourse with the other. The fact that they were much in each other’s company, and that they sought the company of each other in preference ito that of others, does not necessarily lead to -the inference that such disposition was present. As was said in Pollock v. Pollock, 71 N. Y. 137:

“Though presumptive- evidence alone is sufficient to- establish the fact, 'the circumstances must lead to it, not only by fair inference, but as a necessary conclusion. Appearances that a' e *458equally capable of two interpretations -will not justify the presumption.”

There is no way of knowing whether the jury concluded that defendant and! Mrs. Maiden were guilty of adultery and based •their verdict upon such conclusion or not; but that issue was submitted to them, and these matters should have been explicitly explained by the court.

[7] During the closing argument to the jury, plaintiffs counsel referred to defendant as a “lecherous cur from Iowa,” or, as counsel for respondent now claims, a “lecherous roue from Iowa,” and, in referring to Mrs. Maiden, said: “This woman stayed with defendant from March 11, 1911, down to-the present time, when she knew people were talking about her.” Counsel for defendant took exceptions to- tírese remarks, and now urge the making of them as error. Whether the use of this language constitutes reversible error or not it is not necessary to decide. Suffice it to say that the use of such language was highly improper, and could serve no purpose other than to inflame and prejudice the minds of the jurors. Moreover, it is not the province of lawyers, in the trial’ of cases, to malign the parties to the action or others whose rights may be involved.

It will not be out of place in closing to say that the work of writing the opinion in this .case has been considerably increased by -the fact that the jury did not find separately on each of the causes of action set up in the complaint, and we suggest that, before the case is retried, the complaint be amended so as to átate each cause of action separately, and that- the jury be required to separately state its findings on the different causes of action.

The judgment .and order appealed from are reversed.

SMITH, J., concurs in conclusion.

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