United States v. Baxter’s Empirical Analysis
361 F.2d 116 · 1966
Citation profile
33 federal appellate · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 39 later decisions — most recently March 2023 · most notably Lathers v. United States (1968), United States v. Hensley (1967)
33 federal appellate · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 26 U.S.C. § 5222
Relies on Carroll v. United States · Johnson v. United States · Henry v. United States · Agnello v. United States · United States v. Jeffers
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 39 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““It appears to this court that the arrest was actually made by Officer Miller when he detained Baxter for the several minutes before Reimer’s arrival. The government concedes that this was an arrest. Further, this was clearly a deprivation of liberty under the authority of law. It does not take formal words of arrest or booking at a police station to complete an arrest. Henry v. United States, 361 U.S. 98 , 80 S.Ct. 168 , 4 L.Ed.2d 134 (1959); Long v. Ansell, 63 U.S.App.D.C. 68 , 69 F.2d 386 (1934), aff’d, 293 U.S. 76 , 55 S.Ct. 21 , 79 L.Ed. 208 (1934); Coleman v. United States, 111 U.S.App.D.C. 210 , 295 F.2d 555 (1961) cert. denied, 369 U.S. 813 , 82 S.Ct. 689 , 7 L.Ed.2d 613 (1962); cf. (dictum), United States v. Vita, 294 F.2d 524 , 529-530 (C.A. 2, 1961), cert. denied, 369 U.S. 823 , 82 S.Ct. 837 , 7 L.Ed.2d 788 (1962).” United States v. Baxter, 361 F.2d 116 , 118-119 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 834 , 87 S.Ct. 79 , 17 L.Ed.2d 69 (1966).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Manning v. Jarnigan““It is the view of this court that the constitutional reasonableness or unreasonableness of a search or seizure should be related not only to the circumstances which occasion the arrest or search (probable cause), but also to the purpose and extent of the interference with liberty represented by the arrest or search. See Agnello v. United States [ 269 U.S. 20 , 46 S.Ct. 4 , 70 L.Ed. 145 (1925)]; United States v. Lefkowitz, 285 U.S. 452 , 52 S.Ct. 420 , 76 L.Ed. 877 (1932).” United States v. Baxter, 361 F.2d 116 , 119-20 (6th Cir. 1966).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority““On reason and authority the true rule is that if the search and seizure without a warrant are made upon probable cause, that is, upon a belief, reasonably arising out of circumstances known to the seizing officer, that an automobile or other vehicle contains that which by law is subject to seizure and destruction, the search and seizure are valid. * * * ” (Emphasis added) Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132 , 149, 45 S.Ct. 280 , 284, 69 L.Ed. 543 (1925).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.