Blackwell v. Issaquena County Board of Education’s Empirical Analysis
363 F.2d 749 · 1966
Citation profile
69 federal appellate · 1 district · 10 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 129 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2024 · most notably Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969), Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972)
69 federal appellate · 1 district · 10 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1343 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Thornhill v. Alabama · West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette · Dennis v. United States · American Communications Ass'n v. Douds · Whitney v. People of State of California
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 129 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“contributes to the maintenance of order and decorum within the educational system.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““In formulating regulations, including those pertaining to the discipline of school children, school officials have a wide latitude of discretion. But the school is always bound by the requirement that the rules and regulations must be reasonable. It is not for us to consider whether such rules are wise or expedient but merely whether they are a reasonable exercise of the power and discretion of the school authorities .... But, with all of this in mind, we must also emphasize that school officials cannot ignore expressions of feelings with which they do not wish to contend. They cannot infringe on their students’ right to free and unrestricted expression as guaranteed to them under the First Amendment to the Constitution, where the exercise of such rights in the school buildings and schoolrooms do not materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“created a state of confusion, disrupted class instruction, and resulted in a general breakdown of orderly discipline, causing the principal to assemble the students in the cafeteria and inform them that they were forbidden to wear the buttons at school.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Conyers v. Glenn
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.