¶2 California state prisoner Carl Dwayne Bishop appeals from the district court’s order denying his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petition. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253, and we affirm.
¶3 Bishop contends that the prosecutor’s statements during a pretrial interview constituted a promise of leniency that rendered his confession involuntary. However, “in most circumstances, speculation that cooperation will benefit the defendant or even promises to recommend leniency are not sufficiently compelling to overbear a defendant’s will.” United States v. Harrison, 84 F.3d 886, 891 (9th Cir.1994). The state court’s determination that Bishop’s statement was not coerced was neither contrary to, nor an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); Withrow v. Williams, 507 U.S. 680, 693-94, 113 S.Ct. 1745, 123 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993) (providing factors relevant to evaluate possible coercion).
¶4 We construe Bishop’s additional argument as a motion to expand the certificate of appealability. So construed, the motion is denied. See 9th Cir. R. 22-1 (e); see also Hiivala v. Wood, 195 F.3d 1098, 1104-05 (9th Cir.1999) (per curiam).
¶5 AFFIRMED.