Osburn v. Cox’s Empirical Analysis
369 F.3d 1283 · 2004
Citation profile
2 federal appellate · 1 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 12 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2025
2 federal appellate · 1 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1973 (§ 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Roberts v. United States Jaycees · Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut · Chisom v. Roemer · California Democratic Party v. Jones · Democratic Party of United States v. Wisconsin Ex Rel. La Follette
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 12 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) discriminatory intent on the part of legislators or other officials responsible for creating or maintaining the challenged system; or (2) objective factors that, under the totality of the circumstances, show the exclusion of the minority group from meaningful access to the political process due to the interaction of racial bias in the community with the challenged voting scheme.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[n]o ... standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision in a manner which results in a denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen ... to vote on account of race or color.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“based on the totality of circumstances [minority plaintiffs] have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.