United States v. Foreman’s Empirical Analysis
369 F.3d 776 · 2004
Citation profile
18 federal appellate · 6 district · 18 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 103 later decisions — most recently April 2024 · most notably United States v. Branch (2008), United States v. Farrior (2008)
18 federal appellate · 6 district · 18 state decisions — followed in 10 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Wong Sun v. United States · Ornelas v. United States · Whren v. United States · United States v. Cortez
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 103 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“factors cited by the United States eliminate a substantial portion of innocent travelers and, therefore, amount to reasonable suspicion that [the defendant] was engaged in drug trafficking.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“[P]ursuant to such a stop, a police officer may 'request a driver's license and vehicle registration, run a computer check, and issue a citation.'”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“carotid artery on his neck throbbing more noticeably than the thousands of people that [the officer] had stopped in the past.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.