¶1delivered the opinion of the court.
¶2Plaintiff instituted suit by attachment on the 21st of May, 1864, against the defendant, alleging in his affidavit that the defendant had absconded or absented himself from his usual •place of abode in thissState, so that the ordinary process of law could not be served upon him. At the return term of the writ, the defendant filed a plea in the nature of a plea in abatement, denying the absconding or absenting himself from his usual place of abode, as set out in the affidavit. The issue was tried before the court, both parties waiving a jury. The evidence showed substantially that defendant formerly resided in Greene county ; that in 1859 or 1860 he removed from his farm to the town of Ebenezer, in the same county, and that in the latter part of the summer of 1861, he went with his family, consisting of a wife and two children, to his father’s-in-law, where his family have ever since resided; and that he in the same year, (1861,) though at what time is not stated, joined the rebel army, and went south with them, *198and lias never been back except on one occasion. The defendant asked four instructions or declarations of law, which were refused by the’court, to which refusal he took exceptions in due form. The court then, sitting as a jury, found the issue for the plaintiff, and gave judgment in his behalf.
¶3The principal question presented for determination is, whether defendant acquired such a residence by removing his family to his-father’s-in-law, as to make the residence of the latter his usual place of abode within the meaning of our statute, so that service of process on a member of his family would have been legal.
¶4By R. C. 1855, p. 782, § 53, the place where the family of any person shall permanently reside in the State, shall be deemed his place of abode. The evidence in this case does not show .with what intent the defendant took his family to stay with his father-in-law. One’s domicil on house is in the place where he permanently resides. To constitute a permanent domicil or abode two elements are necessary — one, that of act; the other, that of intent.
¶5Where a man makes provision for his family, and leaves them at his residence, although he may be personally absent an indefinite period of time, attending to his business, no attachment will lie, because the law has pointed out a mode by which service can be had. But wher®'he leaves the country, and permits liis family to sojourn with a relative, the presumption is that they are merely staying with the latter, and that he has no fixed or permanent place of abode. Upon the circumstances of this case, whether the defendant had such a permanent residence as to make it his usual place of abode, within the meaning of the law, was a question of fact and intent, and as the triers of the fact have found that he did not, we see no sufficient reason for disturbing the verdict. With this view of the case, we have found it unnecessary to examine the instructions in detail.