¶1The signature of a public officer — a justice of the peace or clerk of court — to a writ summoning a party to appear in court, is required, in order that the party thus summoned may know that he is required to appear by authority of law, — and that the sheriff or constable serving the process may have the authority of law for the performance of his duty. The whole object of the process is to secure the appearance of the party in court, and that accomplished the function qf the process is performed.
¶2*167If there he error or irregularity in the process, the party upon whom it is served may appear and by plea or motion abate the writ* There are irregularities or defects in the process of so serious a nature that he is not required even to appear and a judgment by default would be void. But by appearing and answering to the declation upon its merits most of such defects are waived. Again there may be errors in the process of such a character that they are wholly incurable, affecting the jurisdiction of the court upon the subject matter of the process, and which the appearance of the party and his pleading to the merits even will not be deemed to waive and cannot cure.
¶3This subject has been recently very fully and ably considered by Judge Bell in the case of The State v. Richmond, 6 Foster, 232 and his opinion abounds with ample illustrations of these different classes of defects.
¶4In speaking of those defects in process which affect the jurisdiction of a court through want of due service of process or of notice to the party rendering the proceeding void he says : — “ they are void not absolutely or incurably, but void only till they are confirmed. The party who has not been duly summoned is always and everywhere understood to waive his exception if he appears and suffers a general continuance or pleads in bar of the action, or in any way submits his case to the judgment of the court without at once making his objection at the earliest opportunity.”
¶5It is claimed that the omission of the signature of the officer to the writ makes the process void, destroys the jurisdiction of the court.
¶6But 1st. The statute does not enact that for such defect the process shall be void or that the court shall not have jurisdiction.
¶72d. The object of the writ being simply by authority of law to -call the party into court and apprise him of the complaint to which he is to answer (wherein we differ from the courts of common law and most of our sister states, in which the declaration does not issue with the writ,) it is quite obvious that if the party do appear and plead to the merits and make no objection upon the ground that he was not duly summoned, he must be considered as waiving this ground of objection. The objection is in substance, merely dilatory, *168and therefore if urged at all should be presented at the first opportunity.
¶8The jurisdiction of the court is ample, when the subject matter of the controversy is confided to it by law and is duly set forth in the pleadings and when the parties either upon summons or voluntarily appear and submit their case to the decision of the court. It does not depend upon the writ of summons.
¶9The antecedent process is only to bring them into court. If without it they appear voluntarily and procee4 to present to the court their claims and defences in due form of law, taking no exception to the want of antecedent process, they waive the irregularity.
¶10Anciently in courts of common law a complaint in trespass was first filed in court and then a precept in the nature of an attachment issued against the defendant.
¶11If the process be defective or irregular in point of form, or in the direction, service or return, the defendant may move to quash it. But this he should do as early as possible, Tidd in his Practice, p. 434, says : — if the defendant either proceed himself after discovering the irregularity, or lie by and suffer the other party to proceed, the court will not assist him. Tidd 90, 434 ; 6 Vt. 509 ; 17 Vt. 532 ; 1 Aik. 380.
¶12Swift in his Digest, p. 610, expressly mentions as one ground of abatement merely, that “ the writ is not signed by proper authority classing it with other defects of form.
¶13We have been referred to the case of Wood v. Hill, 5 N. H. 229, to show that a writ returnable upon a day out of term is void. But this was upon a motion to quash and the writ abated. In what sense it was void will appear from the more recent examination of the subject in that state by Judge Bell in The State v. Richmond, in 6 Foster. In Blodgett v. Brattleboro, 6 Vt. 695, the same defect was regarded as merely matter of abatement.
¶14The case in the 6 Conn. 130, Case v. Humphrey, only shows that where one not authorized to make service serves a writ and the defendant does not appear and there is a judgment by default, such judgment is extra-judicial and void.
¶15But if fhe party had appeared and made no objection to the ser*169vice and contested the case upon its merits can it be said that the judgment then would have been void? Clearly not. In Holmes v. Essex, 6 Vt. 47, where a sheriff served a writ in which he was interested, the court held that the defect must be taken by plea in abatement, and that audita, querela to set aside the judgment would not lie.
¶16Judgment affirmed.