Bell v. State of Maryland’s Empirical Analysis
1964
Citation profile
190 federal appellate · 21 district · 167 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 584 later decisions (82 by the Supreme Court) — most recently July 2024 · most notably Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. (1970), Benton v. Maryland (1969)
190 federal appellate · 21 district · 167 state decisions — followed in 23 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1982 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on New York Times Co. v. Sullivan · Baker v. Carr · Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. · Griffin v. People of the State of Illinois · Cantwell v. State of Connecticut
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 584 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[t]he repeal of any statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute, unless the repealing Act shall so expressly provide, and such statute shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture, or liability. The expiration of a temporary statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute, unless the temporary statute shall so expressly provide, and such statute shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture, or liability.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““. . . [W]hen the legislature repeals a criminal statute or otherwise removes the State’s condemnation from conduct that was formerly deemed criminal, this action requires the dismissal of a pending criminal proceeding charging such conduct.””
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Bell v. State · Vandyke, Roger Dale“[t]he Black Codes were a substitute for slavery; segregation was substituted for the Black Codes.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.