State v. Shelton

¶1Appellee was charged with the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquor, and on his motion the affidavit upon which the prosecution was predicated was quashed. The State appeals, and relies for reversal upon the action of the court in sustaining the motion to quash. The affidavit is as follows: “Charles L. Tindall, being duly sworn, upon his oath says that at the county of Hancock, State of Indiana, on September 4, 1905, one Curtis Shelton did then and there unlawfully sell to one Charles Piper, at and for the price of five cents, one pint of malt liquor, to wit, beer, to be drunk as a beverage, said September 4 then and there being the first Monday of September, and a legal holiday in the State of Indiana, commonly called and designated ‘Labor day,’ and a day on which the sale of intoxicating liquors was prohibited by law, contrary to the form of the statute made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the State of Indiana.”

¶2The point of contention between the learned Attorney-General and counsel for appellee is that the former affirms and the latter deny that Labor day is a legal holiday. To maintain their respective contentions they both rely upon the act of March 4, 1905 (Acts 1905, p. 196, §7531 et seq. Burns 1905). The title of that act is as follows: “An act concerning legal holidays, the maturity of negotiable instruments, creating a Saturday half-holiday for banking institutions in certain cities, repealing all laws in conflict herewith, and declaring an emergency.”

¶3*82Section one of the act provides: “That the following days, to wit: The first day of the week, commonly called Sunday, the first day of January, commonly called ISTew Year’s day, the fourth day of July, the twenty fifth day of December, commonly called Christmas day; any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the State of Indiana as a day of public fasting or thanksgiving; the twenty-second day of February, commonly called Washington’s birthday; the thirtieth day of May, commonly called Memorial day; the first'Monday of September, commonly called Labor day, and the day of any general, national, or state election, shall be legal holidays within the State of Indiana. And when any of said holidays (other than Sunday) comes on Sunday, the Monday next succeeding shall be the legal holiday.”

¶4Section two of the act authorizes banks, trust companies and safety deposit institutions in all cities of more than thirty-five thousand’ inhabitants to close their doors for business at 12 o’clock, noon, on each and every Saturday, and that every Saturday in the year after 12 o’clock noon “shall, in addition to the legal holidays mentioned in section one of this act, be a legal half-holiday for such banks, trust companies and safe deposit institutions and the business thereof.”

¶5Section three of the act provides that promissory notes, etc., shall be payable at the time fixed therein, without grace, and that when the day of maturity falls upon Sunday or a legal holiday the instrument shall be payable on the next succeeding business day. Also that negotiable instruments falling due on Saturday shall be presented for payment on the next succeeding business day, except that instruments payable on demand may, at the option of the holder, be presented for payment before 12 o’clock noon on Saturday when that entire day is not a holiday.

¶6*83By section four all laws and parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act are repealed.

¶7We have given the substance of sections two and three, because of appellee’s contention that the days specified in section one are holidays only for the presentment and payment of commercial paper and that the “presumption is that it was not intended that such days be made legal holidays for any other purpose,” and hence that Labor day, upon which appellee is charged with having sold intoxicating liquors, is not a day upon which the sale of such liquors is prohibited by §579 of the act approved March 10, 1905 (Acts 1905, pp. 584, 721, §2226 Burns 1905).

¶8The title of the act just cited is: “An act concerning public offenses.” It will be observed that the two acts to which we have referred were passed at the same session of the legislature and, in point of time, in the order mentioned. Section 579, supra, is as follows: “Whoever shall sell, barter or give away, to be drunk as a beverage, any spirituous, vinous, malt, or other intoxicating liquors, upon Sunday, the Fourth of July, the first day of January, the twenty-fifth day of December, … Thanksgiving day, … or any legal holiday, or upon the day of any state … ■ * election, … or between the hours of 11 o’clock p. m. and 5 o’clock a. m., shall, on conviction, be fined,” etc.

¶91. It is urged by counsel for appellee that the section just quoted is substantially a reenactment of §2194 Burns 1901, §2098 R. S. 1881, which designated certain days upon which the sale of intoxicating liquors was prohibited, and that Labor day was not one of the days designated. That section did prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors on “any legal holiday.” As to the sum and substance of §579, supra, and §2194, supra; counsel are right in suggesting that they are substantially alike. When the latter section was enacted, Labor day had not *84been designated as a holiday, and for that reason no mention was made of it.

¶102. It is further insisted that the act of 1905, relating to legal holidays, etc., repealed a very similar act (§7531 Burns 1901, Acts 1891, p. 394), and that the act of 1905 does not include any days as holidays which are not mentioned in the statute which it repealed. In view of appellee’s contention it will be instructive to review the history of the legislation culminating in the act of 1905.

¶11In 1875 the legislature designated certain days as holidays for certain purposes. 1 R. S. 1876, p. 637, Acts 1875, p. 66. The title of that act is as follows: “An act in relation to promissory notes, bank checks, and bills of exchange, and to designate the holidays to be observed in the presentment, acceptance, and payment of the same, and declaring an emergency.” That act specifically names Sunday, New Tear’s day, Christmas, Fourth of July and Thanksgiving day, and provides that they “shall be holidays within the State of Indiana for all purposes of presenting for payment or acceptance for the maturity and protest … of bills of exchange … and all notes … falling due or maturing on either of said holidays, shall be deemed as having matured on the day previous.” The intention of the legislature is clearly expressed both in the title of the act and in its body, and that was that the days specified should be holidays for commercial purposes and no other.

¶12In Ruge v. State (1878), 62 Ind. 388, appellant was indicted for selling intoxicating liquors on the Fourth of July, and it was charged that the Fourth of July was a legal holiday. It was held that he was not liable because the statute to which we have just referred did not make it a legal holiday for any purpose, except for the presentation, payment, etc., of commercial paper.

¶13*85In 1889 (Acts 1889, p. 101), the legislature amended the act of 1875. The title to the amendatory act is as follows : “An act to amend an act entitled ‘An act in relation to promissory notes, hank checks and hills of exchange, and to designate the holidays to he observed in the presentment, acceptance and payment of the same, approved March 16, 1875, and declaring an emergency.’” The act of 1875, by the act of 1889, was amended by adding May 30, February 22, and the “day of any general, national or state election,” as additional holidays, “for all purposes of presenting for payment” checks, promissory notes, etc., and providing further that when any of said holidays shall come on Monday, all bills of exchange, etc., shall be deemed as having matured on Saturday previous, and' further that when such holidays come on Sunday, the day following shall be the holiday.

¶14Again in 1891 (Acts 1891, p. 394, §7531 Burns 1901), the legislature amended the act of 1889. The title of the amendatory act of 1891 is as follows: “An act to amend an act entitled ‘An act in relation to promissory notes, bank checks and bills of exchange, and to designate the holidays to be observed in the presentment, acceptance and payment of the same, approved March 16, 1875, and declaring an emergency, and amended March 5, 1889, the same being §5517 of the revised statutes of 1881, and declaring an emergency.’ ” The only amendment in 1891 was by adding the first Monday in September, commonly known as Labor day.

¶15We have given a resume of all the legislation designating what days shall be deemed to be holidays.

¶16Until the act of 1905, supra, the holidays specified by the previous acts were all associated with the maturity and payment of commercial paper.

¶17Counsel for appellee rely largely upon the case of State v. Atkinson (1894), 139 Ind. 426, to support their conten*86tion that Labor day is not a legal holiday within the meaning of §2194 Burns 1901, §2098 R. S. 1881, which forbids the sale of intoxicating liquors on “any legal holiday.” The decision in that case, as applied to §7531, supra, is unquestionably correct, and if there had not been additional legislation on the subject it would be of controlling influence here. That was a prosecution for selling intoxicating liquor on May 30, and it was urged by the State that that was a legal holiday for all purposes under the act of 1891, supra. Referring to the act the court said: “It does not purport to constitute the 30th of May a general legal holiday. The act, upon its face, purports to be an act in relation to commercial paper, and it makes the 30th' of May, and the other days therein named, legal holidays in relation to such paper, and for no other purpose.”

¶18The titles to the several acts to /which we have referred, as well as the provisions of the acts, make it so plain that the days specified therein had relation to the maturity, presentment, etc., of commercial paper, that it will not admit of legitimate debate.

¶193. Holidays for any and all purposes are creatures of legislative enactment, and when the legislature has designated a specific day as a legal holiday, it has the authority, under the police power of the State, to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquor on such day. It has the same authority to prohibit the sale of liquor on a legal holiday as it has to prohibit its sale between the hours of 11 o’clock p. m. and 5 o’clock a. m. The question for us to determine here is whether the legislature has designated Labor day as a general holiday. If it has, then the inhibition of the statute against the sale of intoxicating liquor on “any legal holiday” applies. The title of the act of 1905 (Acts 1905, p. 196, §7531 et seq. Burns 1905) embraces three subject-matters, and the act itself treats of such matters in three distinct sections. Section one designates cer*87tain days, including Labor day, as legal holidays. It makes no exceptions or restrictions. It does not declare them holidays for any specific purpose, hut does declare them holidays in plain and unambiguous language, and such language is broad and general in terms.

¶204. It is the rule of construction that when a law is plain and unambiguous, whether it be expressed in general or limited terms, the legislature should be held to mean what its words have plainly expressed, and consequently no room is left for construction. Case v. Wildridge (1853), 4 Ind. 51; United States v. Fisher (1805), 2 Cranch 358, 2 L. Ed. 304; 26 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law (2d ed.), 598. The hest rule hy which to arrive at the meaning and intention of the law is to abide by the words which the lawmakers used. Wharton’s Digest, 569; Gardner v. Collins (1829), 2 Pet. 58, 7 L. Ed. 347. Where there is nothing in an act to indicate that a word or phrase is used in a particular or technical sense, it will be interpreted with its ordinary and popular meaning at the time of the passage of the act. Massey v. Dunlap (1896), 146 Ind. 350.

¶215. “Holiday means first, a consecrated day, a general festival ; and second, a day on which the ordinary occupations are suspended; a day of exemption or cessation from work; a day of festivity, recreation, or amusement.” 15 Am.-and Eng. Ency. Law (2d ed.), 512. It follows that a “legal holiday” is a day designated and set apart by legislative enactment for one or more of the purposes indicated.

¶226. Recurring again to the act of 1905, last cited, it is clear that two classes of holidays are created. Section one designates certain days as “legal holidays,” and makes no restrictions or limitations. It is complete in itsfelf. Section two declares that every Saturday, after 12 o’clock noon, in cities of more than thirty-five thousand inhab*88itants, “shall, in addition to the legal holidays mentioned in section one of this act, be a legal half-holiday for banks,” etc. Section three provides for the presentment, payment, etc., of negotiable instruments, which mature on “Sunday or a legal holiday.” The titles of all the acts previous to the act of 1905, as well as the acts themselves, have plainly and unequivocally indicated that the days named as legal holidays were made such for commercial purposes and not otherwise. Not so with the act under consideration.

¶23The case of State v. Atkinson, supra, upon which appellee relies, arose and was decided upon a statute, radically different from the act of 1905. There the title of the act under which the prosecution was waged limited the act to specific and certain purposes, and by the decision it was simply held, in harmony with the general rule of statutory construction, that the act could go no farther than the scope of the title. That case is clearly distinguishable from the one under consideration, and hence is not authority here. The rule is that where the title of the act limits its efEect to certain things, the act itself cannot extend beyond such limitation. Dixon v. Poe (1902), 159 Ind. 492, 60 L. R. A. 308.

¶247. Section 579 of the new criminal code (^.cts 1905, pp. 584, 721, §2226 Burns 1905) was passed at the same session as the act fixing certain days as “legal holidays,” and subsequently to it. If we are right in our construction of section one of the act approved March 4, 1905, designating certain days as “legal holidays” for all purposes, then §579 of the act approved March 10, 1905, must be construed in connection with it, for the rule is that statutes enacted at the same session of the legislature are to be construed in pari materia, so as not to render absurd or meaningless any part of either, and so as to give full effect to both, if possible.

¶25*898.*88The evident purpose of the legislature in enacting §579, supra, was to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors on *89“any legal holiday.” It ~ having made the first Monday of September a “legal holiday” it would be meaningless and absurd for it to prohibit such sales on any “legal holiday,” if it did not intend the inhibition to extend to all of them alike. As we have seen, holidays are creatures of statutory enactment, and hence we only have such holidays as have been designated by the legislature. Under the plain wording of the present statute, there is no more reason for saying that the Eourth of July is a “legal holiday” than that the first Monday in September is also a “legal holiday.” The legislature has placed them in the same category, and has made no distinction between them. The phrase “legal holiday” occurs in both statutes, and such phrase in the latter would be absolutely meaningless if it could not be applied to the former.

¶269. By custom, prior to the enactment of the statute of 1891, the first Monday in September had been designated and set apart as a day of festivities and celebration in honor of labor. The twenty-fifth of December, for nearly two thousand years, has been observed by the Christian world as a day of rejoicing and praise, and is held sacred in memory and honor of the .birth of the meek and lowly Nazarene. By custom it became a festal day, and by law a legal holiday. In memory and love of him who “was first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen,” Eebruary 22, the day of his birth, has been observed by the American people who have honored and loved, and who still honor and love, the name and memory of George Washington.

¶27Since 1116, we as a people, have recognized each recurring Eourth of July as the Nation’s natal day, and in some appropriate manner have celebrated that great event in history, which gave to us our national independence, and marked the birth of a new republic on the western hemisphere.

¶28*90Ever since 1868, when the soldier-statesman, General John A. Logan, Commander in Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, by proclamation, designated May 30 as a memorial day, in memory of those brave, courageous and patriotic men who gave their lives and services in defense of our country, its institutions and the flag, and who saved to us the Republic, we, as a grateful people, have united with one accord in memorial services of both the dead and living, in due appreciation of their deeds and valor.

¶29Yet none of these days to which we have referred were holidays until made so by statute. We recognize in this country the value and importance of labor. It forms the basis of our wealth, progress and prosperity. We look to it, as the fountainhead of our strength and stability. In designating the first Monday in September, “commonly called Labor day,” as a “legal holiday,” the legislature paid a just compliment and conferred upon labor a merited honor.

¶30This in an age of progress. The public conscience is quickened. We are tending to a higher civilizátion. The lines are tightening about those who in any manner would corrupt private and public morals. When any day is set apart for public rejoicing, harmless festivities, and celebrations, and the people congregate for such purposes, they are entitled to every protection that the law can throw about them, to the end that they may devote themselves to the purposes of, the day, uninfluenced by any thing that may tend to deprive them of their rights, or inflame their passions. So - when the representatives of labor meet annually to celebrate Labor day, they are entitled to the same protection of the law, as that which is extended to all citizens who congregate on any day set apart by statute as a legal holiday, for the purpose of commemorating any great event. The legislature doubtless had this in mind when it made Labor day a legal holiday, and made it unlawful to sell intoxicating liquors on any legal holiday. There is *91greater danger of riot, and a stronger tendency to dissipation, when the masses congregate, than when they are in pursuit of their daily vocations. It is, therefore, in the interest of the public, and the welfare of society, that on such occasions the temptations that breed riot and dissipation should be as far removed from the people as possible. The days specified in the statute are .generally observed by the citizens of this State, and the legislature has wisely and timely declared that the traffic in intoxicating liquors shall be suspended on such days. The legislature having thus spoken, it is the duty of the court to enforce the law as it is written.

¶31Judgment reversed, and the trial court directed to overrule the motion to quash the affidavit, and for further proceedings in harmony with this opinion.