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381 F.2d 20

Docket No. 21500.

Williams v. United States

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals

Decided July 19, 1967.

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals · decided 1967-07-19

2 counsel of record

Relies on Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Gallego v. United States

Good law ✅— No negative treatment on recordhow we know

Opinion by Charles Merton Merrill · Decided 1967-07-19

How this case has been cited

Cited by 40 later decisions — most recently July 2008 · most notably People v. Rodney P.(Anonymous) (1967), United States v. Weiner (1978)

24 federal appellate · 1 district · 10 state decisions

25019671970198019902000decided

Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.

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¶1*21James T. Bialac, Phoenix, Ariz., for appellants.

¶2Edward E. Davis, U. S. Atty., Lawrence Turoff, Morton Sitver, Asst. U. S. Attys., Phoenix, Ariz., for appellee.

¶3Before HAMLEY and MERRILL, Circuit Judges, and MATHES, District Judge.

¶4MERRILL, Circuit Judge:

¶5Appellants, convicted of transportation and concealment of heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 174, have appealed judgment of conviction. Upon their assignments of error we rule as follows:

¶61. The evidence was sufficient to support the jury verdict. Although appellants’ codefendant was the only one proved to have been in actual, physical possession of the heroin, the evidence was sufficient to establish joint venture.

¶72. Failure of the court to strike testimony respecting the field test of the heroin for lack of sufficient foundation was, in absence of motion to strike, not plain error. The nature of the substance in any event was later proved by competent expert testimony.

¶83. The custody of the heroin exhibit, while inexcusably lax and subject to court criticism on that ground, did not here result in such absence of control as to render the exhibit inadmissible as matter of law. See Gallego v. United States, 276 F.2d 914 (9th Cir. 1960). Nor did the discrepancy in description of the substance by two witnesses (“white” in one instance; “tan” or “light tan” in another) render it inadmissible. The court did not exclude the possibility of tampering, but properly left the question with the jury as bearing on reasonable doubt of guilt.

¶94. The admission of evidence from the brief interrogation of appellants and their codefendant shortly before the events leading to arrest (on which occasion certain false statements were made) was not, for lack of warnings, error under Miranda v. State of *22Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). Appellants were not under custodial restraint or deprived of freedom of action in any significant way.1 *The interrogating officers did not stop appellants. Appellants voluntarily stopped their car for their own purposes after a suspiciously erratic driving performance which had been observed with curiosity by the officers. The following interrogation took the pattern of a routine border control cheek for entering aliens, and appellants freely left on its conclusion. The fact that the officers had entertained an unexpressed intention to detain appellants had they compounded suspicion by refusing to answer and attempting to run does not amount to detention.

¶10Judgment affirmed.

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