FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 28 2010
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S . CO UR T OF AP PE A LS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JI YIN CHEN, No. 07-73409
Petitioner, Agency No. A097-333-874
v.
MEMORANDUM *
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted May 11, 2010
San Francisco, California
Before: REINHARDT, W. FLETCHER and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges.
Ji Yin Chen, a native and citizen of China, petitions for review of the Board
of Immigration Appeals' ('BIA') published decision, dismissing his appeal from
an immigration judge's ('IJ') denial of his applications for asylum, withholding of
removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture ('CAT'). See In re
J-Y-C, 24 I & N Dec. 260 (BIA 2007). The BIA denied relief on the basis of an
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
adverse credibility finding. The provisions of the REAL ID Act govern our review.
See REAL ID Act y 101(h)(2), Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231, 305 (2005)
(stating that the amendments are applicable to asylum applications filed on or after
the date of enactment). We must uphold an adverse credibility finding so long as it
is supported by substantial evidence. Shrestha v. Holder,
590 F.3d 1034, 1039 (9th
Cir. 2010). We deny in part and dismiss in part the petition for review.
The BIA reviewed the IJ's adverse credibility finding for clear error, but did
not adopt the IJ's decision as its own and instead identified nine specific reasons
cited by the IJ. We therefore review only the reasons explicitly identified by the
BIA, as well as the reasoning articulated in the IJ's decision in support of those
stated reasons. Teµle v. Muµasey, 533 F.3d 1044, 1051 (9th Cir. 2008). Even if
some reasons identified by the BIA are unsupported, we must uphold an
adverse-credibility finding 'so long as one of the identified grounds is supported
by substantial evidence.' Li v. Ashcroft,
378 F.3d 959, 964 (9th Cir.2004) (internal
quotation marµs and citation omitted).
The BIA's adverse credibility finding is supported by substantial evidence.
The BIA assessed the 'totality of the circumstances,' including factors that are
explicitly permitted by the REAL ID Act. See 8 U.S.C y 1158(b)(1)(B). The most
significant reasons cited by the BIA are (1) the contradiction between Chen's
2
testimony and that of his sister regarding the date and length of Chen's detention
and (2) the contradiction in Chen's testimony regarding whether he went directly
home after being released. These inconsistencies are not mere trivialities. See
Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1043-44 (noting trivial inconsistencies such as a
typographical error or a misspelling). The evidence in this record does not compel
a different result. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias,
502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992). In the
absence of credible testimony, Chen failed to demonstrate eligibility for asylum or
withholding of removal. See Farah v. Ashcroft,
348 F.3d 1153, 1156 (9th Cir.
2003).
Because Chen's CAT claim is based on the same testimony found to be not
credible, and he points to no other evidence the IJ should have considered,
substantial evidence also supports the denial of CAT relief. See id. at 1156-57.
We lacµ jurisdiction over Chen's claim that the IJ and BIA gave insufficient
consideration to the Country Conditions Report because Chen did not raise this
claim before the BIA and thereby failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.
See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 678 (9th Cir. 2004).
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED IN PART; DISMISSED IN PART.
3
FILED
Chen v. Holder, No. 07-73409 MAY 28 2010
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
REINHARDT, Circuit Judge, dissenting: U.S . CO UR T OF AP PE A LS
I dissent. I would hold that the inconsistencies that the majority concludes
provide the 'most significant' support for the BIA's adverse credibility finding
are, to the contrary, entirely insignificant. In fact, they are in most respects non-
existent. In the remaining respects, they are trivial. As such, even under the REAL
ID Act, they cannot support an adverse credibility determination. See Shrestha v.
Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1043-44 (9th Cir. 2010). Moreover, the other reasons on
which the BIA based its adverse credibility finding are also fatally flawed.
Accordingly, I would grant the petition.1
The record reveals no contradiction between Chen's and Chen's sister's
1
I would also hold that we have jurisdiction to determine whether the BIA
and IJ properly considered the country conditions reports. Our case law is clear
that a petitioner 'need not . . . raise the precise argument below' in order to
exhaust his claims. Vizcarra-Ayala v. Muµasey, 514 F.3d 870, 873 (9th Cir. 2008).
Rather, the exhaustion requirement is satisfied when the petitioner 'specif[ies]
which issues form the basis of the appeal.'
Id. (quoting Zara v. Ashcroft,
383 F.3d
927, 930 (9th Cir. 2004)). In this case, Chen raised before the BIA both the issue
whether he met his burden of establishing eligibility for asylum and the precise
argument that the IJ had failed to sufficiently consider the country reports in
evidence. AR 14-15. Accordingly, he more than satisfied our exhaustion
requirement. Although I am therefore certain that we do have jurisdiction to
determine whether the BIA and IJ properly considered the country conditions
reports, I do not thinµ it necessary to reach that question in order to decide the case,
and do not do so here.
Page 1 of 7
testimony regarding the duration of his detention. Chen testified that he was
detained for 48 hours; his sister testified that he was detained for 'one day, 20
hours.' AR 159; AR 250. 'One day, 20 hours' might, to an observer determined
to search for ambiguity, appear at first glance to be ambiguous. To such an
observer, the phrase might mean 'one day or 20 hours.' However, to an objective
observer who read the entire record it would mean, undisputably, 'one day and 20
hours.' Such a reading renders Chen's sisters testimony consistent, rather than
inconsistent, with that which was given by her brother. Neither the BIA nor the IJ
offered any explanation for choosing the inconsistent version. AR 5; AR 41-42.
Without any reasoned basis for choosing between the two readings, the IJ's and
BIA's choice is based on nothing more than ranµ speculation, and a disregard of
the record as a whole, if not a desire to create inconsistency to the detriment of the
asylum applicant. As such, it cannot support an adverse credibility determination.
Similarly, the record shows no inconsistency in Chen's testimony as to
whether he went directly home after being released. Chen stated several times that,
after his release, he went home and saw his sister. AR 256, 159, 229. He never
said that he went directly home. Id. When the IJ questioned him more specifically
about when exactly he saw his sister, he stated that he saw her 'two or three days'
after his release. AR 257. There is no contradiction between his initial testimony
Page 2 of 7
that he went home after his release and his later testimony that he went home two
or three days after his release. His later testimony is simply more specific.
Moreover, it is consistent with his sister's testimony that she saw him a few days
after he was released from detention. AR 252. Because Chen made the statement
that he saw his sister two or three days after his release before he had any
µnowledge of his sister's testimony, the IJ's conclusion that he was simply
'tr[ying] to reconcile his own testimony with his sister's testimony' is unfounded.
AR 42; AR 256.
Finally, the majority relies on the fact that Chen testified that he was arrested
on January 1, 2005, while his sister testified that she saw him on January 1, 2005
after he had been released. This is a discrepancy. However, it is trivial. There is
no reason why Chen's sister should have remembered the exact date on which she
first saw her brother after he was released from detention one and a half years
before. '[A]nalysis on review . . . should recognize that the normal limits of
human understanding and memory may maµe some inconsistencies or lacµ of
recall present in any witness's case.' Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1044-45.
The remaining reasons relied on by the BIA are similarly without merit.
First, there were no inconsistencies between Chen's and his sister's testimony
regarding the April 10, 2005 dinner. Compare AR 163-65 with AR 245-47.
Page 3 of 7
Second, Chen provided an explanation for his apparently inconsistent statements
regarding whether the passport that he used to fly from Japan to the United States
was green or grayish-blacµ, and whether it contained his name. AR 218-19. To
the extent that the record does not compel the conclusion that his explanation was
satisfactory, this discrepancy still does not support an adverse credibility finding,
because it is manifestly trivial. Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1043-44. Chen's
inconsistency regarding whether he attended two or three home church meetings
was similarly trivial. Moreover, he was never given an opportunity to explain it;
accordingly, it cannot support an adverse credibility determination. See Shrestha,
590 F.3d at 1044; Ordonez v. INS,
345 F.3d 777 (9th Cir. 2003). Finally, the IJ's
findings regarding Chen's demeanor are not supported by the record. See Jibril v.
Gonzales,
423 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. 2005). In fact, the record directly contradicts
the IJ's finding that Chen became so agitated when responding to questioning
about the color of his passport that the IJ had to asµ him to 'stop repeatedly
explaining himself and to listen to the questions.' AR 47; AR 216-20.
The BIA also found that Chen's claim that he was persecuted for his
religious beliefs was 'implausible' because Chen failed to identify the Bible when
asµed to identify 'the booµ that has all of Jesus's teachings,' and because he did
not attend church in the United States. AR 7. The BIA's plausibility findings are a
Page 4 of 7
prime example of 'cherry picµ[ing] solely factors favoring an adverse credibility
determination while ignoring facts that undermine that result.' Shrestha, 590 F.3d
at 1040. Chen answered correctly every other question that was posed to him to
test his µnowledge of Christianity. AR 186-90; 266. Given the totality of his
testimony, his inability to answer a vague question about the Bible - a booµ with
which the rest of his testimony made clear that he was familiar - is not evidence of
his lacµ of Christian faith. Similarly, although Chen did testify that he had not
attended church in the United States, he also testified that he worµed 12 hours a
day, 6 days a weeµ, and that his pastor came to his house once a weeµ to worship.
AR 233, 180-81. Under the totality of the circumstances, his failure to attend
formal church services is not indicative of a lacµ of commitment to Christianity.
Finally, the BIA denied Chen's claim because he failed to provide evidence
corroborating his religious practices in the United States.2 AR 7. However, Chen
did provide corroboration, in the form of a letter from his pastor confirming his
'faithful[]' attendance at a 'weeµly Bible study fellowship.' ER 320. The IJ was
inconsistent in his treatment of the letter. Initially, he announced that he would
give it very little weight, because the pastor was not available for cross
2
On appeal, the government concedes that it was improper for the BIA to
require Chen to obtain corroboration from his family in China. RB 36 n.14.
Accordingly, that issue is no longer before us.
Page 5 of 7
examination, the letter was not timely submitted, and the letter was not on
letterhead or otherwise authenticated. AR 126. In his decision, however, he stated
that the 'letter was not admitted into evidence.' AR 34. The BIA was similarly
inconsistent in its treatment of the letter. It first stated that Chen had provided no
corroborating evidence. It then acµnowledged the pastor's letter in a footnote, but
stated that it was insufficient to corroborate Chen's claim because it was untimely
and unauthenticated. AR 7. I would hold that the BIA and IJ erred in their
treatment of the letter for three reasons. First, the IJ's inconsistency deprived Chen
of notice that his corroborating evidence had been denied admission; this
apparently led to a similar inconsistency on the part of the BIA. Second, lacµ of
authentication is insufficient reason for refusing to admit a document, or for
deeming it unreliable. See Wang v. INS, 352 F.3d 1250, 1254 (9th Cir. 2003)
(holding that the lacµ of authentication is not a ground for deeming a document
unreliable or incredible). Third, where, as here, strict adherence to filing deadlines
causes serious prejudice to a petitioner, and an exception to the deadline could be
made with no prejudice to the government, the IJ should exercise his discretion to
allow such an exception. See Dedji v. Muµasey,
525 F.3d 187, 188 (2d Cir. 2008).
I recognize that the REAL ID Act substantially broadens the grounds on
which the BIA may base an adverse credibility determination. However, it does
Page 6 of 7
not eliminate the requirement that adverse credibility determinations be reasonable,
and grounded in substantial evidence in the record. See Shrestha, 590 F.3d 1039-
45. I do not believe that the BIA's adverse credibility finding in this case was
supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, I dissent.
Page 7 of 7
