United States v. Morrow’s Empirical Analysis
39 F.3d 1228 · 1994
Citation profile
36 federal appellate · 4 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 45 later decisions — most recently May 2023 · most notably United States v. Portela (1999), United States v. DeLuca (1998)
36 federal appellate · 4 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (White-Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement Act of 2002) · 18 U.S.C. § 371 · 28 U.S.C. § 46
Relies on Iannelli v. United States · Schmuck v. United States · Granito v. United States · Air Line Pilots Ass'n v. Landry · Schaffer v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 45 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“at a minimum, a conspirator must have knowledge or foresight of the conspiracy’s multiplicity of objectives before that defendant is convicted of a multiple-crime conspiracy. Conviction for such a multiple-crime conspiracy remains possible even if the conspiracy is open-ended (e.g., a conspiracy to rob banks) and the specifics of the future crimes (e.g., which banks) is undetermined or at least unknown to the defendant. But if a defendant agrees with others simply to commit a single crime (e.g., to rob one bank) and has no knowledge or foresight of the conspiracy’s broader scope, that defendant is a member only of the narrower, one-crime conspiracy.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[t]here is no requirement that the mailing be done by a party to the fraud so long as the mailing bears the requisite relationship to the fraudulent scheme. It is enough that [the defendant] participated in a crime in which it was foreseeable ... that the mails would be used.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“was 'incidental' to an essential element in the scheme, namely, the criss-cross of mailings that would reasonably be expected when false claims are submitted to insurance companies, are processed, and are ultimately paid, thereby making the fraud successful.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.