People v. Jackson’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

30 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 31 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “(1) whether there is a display of authority or control over the defendant by activating the siren or any patrol car overhead lights; (2) the number of officers present; (3) whether the officer approaches in a non-threatening manner; (4) whether the officer displays a weapon; (5) whether the officer requests or demands information; (6) whether the officer's tone of voice is conversational or whether it indicates that compliance with the request for information might be compelled; (7) whether the officer physically touches the person of the citizen; (8) whether an officer's show of authority or exercise of control over an individual impedes that individual's ability to terminate the encounter; (9) the duration of the encounter; and (10) whether the officer retains the citizen's identification or travel documents.”

   4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
   e.g. People v. Valencia · People v. Marujo

2. “It strains credulity to imagine that any citizen directly on the heels of having been pulled over to the side of the road by armed and uniformed police officers in marked patrol cars, would ever feel 'free to leave' or 'at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business.”

   3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
   e.g. People v. Taylor · Tate v. People

3. “a reasonable, innocent person would not feel free to decline the officers' requests or otherwise terminate the encounter.”

   3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
   e.g. People v. Heilman · People v. Marujo