¶1This is an action brought by the appellant to set aside a deed for real estate in San Antonio, made, as he claims, under duress and in consideration of Confederate money.
¶2The duress is denied, but the payment in Confederate money is admitted.
¶3The contract, being executed, will not be set aside, unless it be shown that the receipt of the Confederate money was not voluntary on the part of the appellant, and this, is the only question which should be submitted to the-jury in this class of cases.
¶4If the case of Vanderhœven v. Nette, 32 Texas, 183, conflicts with this doctrine, it cannot receive the approbation of this court.
¶5It is useless to say that vague and undefined fears o£ *79violence from nobody in particular, but from everybody in general, at some indefinite future time and with no contemporaneous demonstration of violence, do not constitute duress in contemplation of law.
¶6This language, as applicable to the times and circumstances under which it is claimed the appellant deeded the property in question to the appellee, is hypothetical and difficult to be understood.
¶7If at the time Olivari deeded his property to Menger martial law had been declared in the State of Texas, and if the military officer in command at San Antonio had published an order requiring all persons to receive Confederate money in payment of debts, it cannot be denied but the order meant compulsion under such penalties as mar: tial law might impose. Whilst many citizens might and no doubt did voluntarily comply with the order, it was-nevertheless unsafe for any citizen to disregard it, and it was compulsory duress to those who did not willingly obey it.
¶8The opinion of the court in Vanderhœven v. Nette might apply to a normal state of society, but the condition of things in Texas was perfectly abnormal at the-time Olivari made his deed to Monger, and it is a well known historical fact that every man who did not side in opinion with the dominant authority was in great fear of" summary punishment, not only at the hands of the military, but (to use the somewhat loose language of the court in vanderhœven v. Nette) from nobody in particular, but from everybody in general.
¶9We think the law of this case is laid down in Wood v. Willis, 32 Texas, 678-9. The court say in that opinion,, the question of duress aside, the law gave him, the appellant, a perfect right to object to the payment of his debt in unlawful money. … (See also remarks of Chief Justice Morrill in this case.) And for the reasons which. *80we have herein stated, the first and fourth assignments of error are well taken.
¶10The evidence excluded was pertinent and proper in the case to show that the appellant stood in such a position toward the military authorities as would naturally and reasonably make him fear to disobey any military order published for the government of the people.
¶11The evidence should have been admitted, under the rulings of this court in Ritchie v. Sweet, 32 Texas.
¶12We think the second assignment of error is good. The evidence offered was not secondary. It was the evidence of a witness who had seen and read a letter claimed to have been written by Menger, the writing of which letter Menger denied.
¶13The interrogatories had been crossed, and for anything we can see, the deposition was in due form of law.
¶14We think the sixth assignment of error, for reasons already given, as well as the seventh, is well taken. The words “immediately imprisoned for such refusal,” are objectionable.
¶15Our reasoning also applies to the eighth assignment of error. The court certainly committed an error here in negativing the idea that there could be duress under a military order.
¶16If in time of war, when the whole country is governed by the predominant force of armies, there can be no fear or duress imposed by military orders, we are at a loss to know how men could be made to fear a power which they are helpless to resist.
¶17The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the cause remanded.
¶18Reversed and remanded.