Roberts v. Russell’s Empirical Analysis
1968
Citation profile
485 federal appellate · 50 district · 557 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,334 later decisions (71 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2019 · most notably Crawford v. Washington (2004), California v. Green (1970)
485 federal appellate · 50 district · 557 state decisions — followed in 39 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedthe decision below (from Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Relies on Gideon v. Wainwright · Bruton v. United States · Stovall v. Denno · Jackson v. Denno · Pointer v. Texas
Cited together with Bruton v. United States · Harrington v. California · Chapman v. State of California · Stovall v. Denno · Linkletter v. Walker
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,334 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[E]ven if the impact of retroactivity may be significant, the constitutional error presents a serious risk that the issue of guilt or innocence may not have been reliably determined.”
28 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““* * * We hold that, because of the substantial risk that the jury, despite instructions to the contrary, looked to the incriminating extrajudicial statements in determining petitioner’s guilt, admission of Evans’ confession in this joint trial violated petitioner’s right of cross-examination secured by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment * * *””
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“for further consideration in light of Bruton v. United States , 391 U.S. 123 , 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476, and Roberts v. Russell , [392 U.S.] 293, 88 S.Ct. 1921, 20 L.Ed.2d 1100.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Parker v. Randolph
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.