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393 U.S. 856

Ferrell v. Dallas Independent School District

Supreme Court of the United States

Decided October 14, 1968

Supreme Court of the United States · decided 1968-10-14

Key passage — most relied on by later courts

“It comes as a surprise that in a country where the States are restrained by an Equal Protection Clause, a person can be denied education in a public school because of the length of his hair. I suppose that a nation bent on turning out robots might insist that every male have a crew cut and every female wear pigtails. But the ideas of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” expressed in the Declaration of Independence, later found specific definition in the Constitution itself, including of course freedom of expression and a wide zone of privacy. I had supposed those guarantees permitted idiosyncrasies to flourish, especially when they concern the image of one’s personality and his philosophy toward government and his fellow men. [ 393 U.S. 856 , 89 S.Ct. 98 .]”

quoted by 3 later decisions, including Bishop v. Colaw, Akridge v. Barres

Good law ✅— No negative treatment on recordhow we know

Decided 1968-10-14

How this case has been cited

Cited by 398 later decisions (3 by the Supreme Court) — most recently July 2004 · most notably Kelley v. Johnson (1976), Cooper Stevedoring Company Inc v. Fritz Kopke Inc (1974)

218 federal appellate · 12 district · 69 state decisions — followed in 28 states

265019681970198019902000decided

Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.

View the full empirical analysis of this case →

Mr. Justice Douglas,

¶1dissenting.

¶2It comes as a surprise that in a country where the States are restrained by an Equal Protection Clause, a person can be denied education in a public school because of the length of his hair. I suppose that a nation bent on turning out robots might insist that every male have a crew cut and every female wear pigtails. But the ideas of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” expressed in the Declaration of Independence, later found specific definition in the Constitution itself, including of course freedom of expression and a wide zone of privacy. I had supposed those guarantees permitted idiosyncrasies to flourish, especially when they concern the image of one’s personality and his philosophy toward government and his fellow men.

¶3Municipalities furnish many services to their inhabitants; and I had supposed that it would be an invidious discrimination to withhold fire protection, police protection, garbage collection, health protection, and the like merely because a person was an offbeat nonconformist when it came to hairdo and dress as well as to diet, race, religion, or his views on Vietnam.

¶4I would grant the petition for certiorari in this Texas case and put it down for argument.

/393/us/856 · .json · Public domain