Fuller v. Fuller

¶1In this domestic relations matter, June T. Fuller (Wife) appeals the decision of the family court judge reducing the monthly alimony obligation of James T. Fuller (Husband) from $1,200 to $250. Wife asserts the family court erred in focusing only on Husband’s age in considering Husband’s request to reduce alimony, excluding relevant evidence, and repeatedly mischaracterizing the issue as one of whether Husband would be required to return, or go to work. We reverse and remand.

¶2FACTUAL/PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3Following a bifurcated hearing, the parties were divorced on June 23, 2004, and in March 2005, Husband was ordered to pay Wife alimony of $1,200 monthly, beginning on April 1, 2005. The present action was commenced on August 20, 2007, when Husband filed a motion for temporary relief seeking suspension of his alimony obligations while he was undergoing knee replacement surgery, or until a final hearing could be held to determine his long-term income potential. A temporary hearing was held, at which time Husband’s alimony obligations were suspended until the matter could be heard on the merits.

¶4On October 8, 2009, a final hearing was held on Husband’s motion before Judge Johnson. At the start of the hearing, counsel for Husband indicated there was a matter concerning Husband’s treating physician, Dr. Voss, which needed to be *158addressed. He stated that Wife’s attorney declined his request to admit the medical records of Dr. Voss to show Husband’s ability to work, but he had been unable to depose Dr. Voss before the hearing because of Dr. Voss’ schedule. He therefore sought to leave the record open for Dr. Voss’ testimony. Wife’s attorney objected to this. Judge Johnson asked how old Husband was. Upon hearing that Husband was 67 years old, Judge Johnson replied, “Well, I don’t make 67 year-old men go to work.” Judge Johnson then stated, “... if it’s a question about me telling a 67 year-old man— whether his knees are good or bad, doesn’t matter to me — that he’s got to go out and get a job now, I’m not going to wait for the doctor to tell me his knees are bad if that’s what it’s all about.” Judge Johnson continued, “I mean if it’s all about whether his knees are good enough to send him out to get a job somewhere, I don’t need the doctor.” When counsel for Wife interjected that Husband had several surgeries, some of them prior to the divorce action which were taken into consideration when alimony was awarded, the judge stated, “I don’t care,” noting that being ordered to pay alimony at the age of sixty-two or sixty-three was different than being ordered to do so at the age of sixty-seven, and stating “I’m not going to tell somebody that’s 67 you’ve got to go out and get a job.” The judge therefore concluded he did not need Dr. Voss’ testimony.

¶5Husband took the stand and testified he was sixty-seven years old, and the last time he worked was on June 15, 2007. While being questioned in regard to his past work experience, the judge interrupted, stating, “I just want both of you attorneys to understand the man is 67 years old. In my opinion, he’s old enough to be retired and doesn’t need to be sent out to get a job. So I don’t care what any (sic) kind of work he did when he was 40.” At this time, counsel for Wife raised an objection based on the scope of Husband’s pleading, asserting Husband based his pleading on having a temporary disability due to knee replacement surgery and requesting alimony be suspended during recuperation. Wife maintained whether Husband was of working age was not an issue before the court. Wife’s counsel maintained that Husband wanted to proffer the testimony of Dr. Voss to say Husband was 100 percent disabled, but Wife disputed that claim and desired to *159cross-examine the doctor on the issue. The judge replied, “[M]y position is when you’re 67 years old you’re disabled so— because I’m not going to make somebody go out and get a job when they’re 67. That’s all.” The judge indicated, though Husband may have had “some temporary knee surgery that had him out of work,” he was “going to deal with whatever the situation is now.” At this point, Husband’s attorney moved to amend his pleadings to conform to the facts that Husband has a permanent disability and is now 67 years old. The judge noted Wife was entitled to notice of a motion to amend pleadings, and again stated he was going to “deal with whatever the situation is now,” exclaiming “... and you can appeal this because I don’t care whether he’s disabled or not, if he’s 67, I’m not going to make him go out and get a job and you can appeal that to whatever court you want to appeal it to.”

¶6Husband resumed his testimony and testified he had undergone four knee surgeries and a back surgery, and stated that he was diabetic and required insulin shots. Husband’s counsel noted that he had records to confirm Husband’s testimony regarding his health issues, but he was not going to offer them in light of the court’s comments about not making a sixty-seven year old go back to work. The judge again stated his position that he did not think the court should “order someone who is 67 years old to go get a job.” Husband testified he did not have the ability to continue paying Wife alimony, and he asked the court to reduce his alimony obligation down to zero, retroactive to the day of his filing. On cross examination, Husband admitted he had actually retired in 2003, but was working when the final order on alimony came out in 2005. He acknowledged that Judge Jenkins found in the 2005 order that Husband was employed at Bi-Lo and was capable of continued employment at that time. Husband also agreed he did not appeal the alimony that was awarded in 2005, because he was capable of paying it then. He stated he did not anticipate he would have the knee surgery and diabetes problems, and he had not attempted to obtain a job because no one would hire him with his health problems.

¶7Wife, who was sixty-six years old at the time of the hearing on this matter, testified her income was $829 a month, that she received this sum from social security, she had no other source of income, she now has a very low standard of living *160whereas she used to live a “high life-style,” and that she had been drawing food stamps for the past year. Wife stated she was disabled in 1991, having had her back fused from the waist down, and that she had open heart surgery in 1998. In 2006 she was in a bad car accident. She testified her health had further declined since the prior order, and that she now suffers from congestive heart failure, and she needs both knee and neck surgery. Wife hired a private investigator to prove that Husband was not disabled. During the hearing, Wife’s attorney sought to play a video obtained through the private investigator. Husband stipulated the video would show Husband with a leaf blower, blowing off his deck. The family court judge stated he would allow a proffer of the video, but reiterated his position that he did not “care whether [Husband] can work or not.” When asked by Wife’s counsel if he would like to watch the video, the judge declined. In light of the court’s ruling, Wife’s attorney also proffered testimony concerning observations of Husband’s physical abilities and substantial improvements he had made to his home. When Husband objected on relevancy and foundation grounds, the court noted the testimony was simply a proffer for appeal purposes.

¶8On November 13, 2009, Judge Johnson issued his order finding Husband was sixty-two years old and had a monthly income of $4,500 when the previous order was set, but was sixty-seven years old and had a monthly income of $1,296 from social security at the time of the current order. Based on Husband’s “continuing health problems and his advanced age,” the judge found Husband established a substantial change in circumstances, entitling Husband to a reduction in his alimony obligation. The judge then stated as follows:

The Court finds that a 67 year old is not required to return to work. The Court excluded testimony related to Husband’s disability and his ability to work based on the Court’s finding that 67 is a reasonable age for retirement. The Court finds the alimony obligation of Husband should be based on his actual income.

¶9The judge then ordered Husband’s alimony payments be reduced from $1,200 to $250 a month, retroactive to November 1, 2007.

¶10*161ISSUES

¶111. Whether the family court abused its discretion by focusing only on the age of Husband while considering Husband’s request to reduce his alimony.

¶122. Whether the family court abused its discretion in excluding relevant evidence because of its error of law.

¶133. Whether the family court abused its discretion in repeatedly mischaracterizing the issue as one of whether Husband would be required to “return to work” or “go to work.”

¶14STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶15In appeals from the family court, the appellate court reviews factual and legal issues de novo. Simmons v. Simmons, 392 S.C. 412, 414, 709 S.E.2d 666, 667 (2011).

¶16LAW/ANALYSIS

¶17Wife contends the family court’s decision was controlled by an error of law because it improperly focused only on the age of Husband in reducing Husband’s alimony obligation. She argues the family court ignored statutory requirements and case law in doing so. Wife points to the family court’s written order wherein the court specifically found “that a 67 year old is not required to return to work,” and “excluded testimony related to Husband’s disability and his ability to work based on the Court’s finding that 67 is a reasonable age for retirement.” Wife further points to the numerous instances in the transcript of the hearing wherein the court repeatedly indicated a sixty-seven-year-old man should not have to work, clearly showing the improper focus on Husband’s age by the court. She asserts the family court judge was required to consider the totality of the facts and circumstances as outlined in statutory and case law and asserts, while Husband’s age may be one relevant factor, the family court judge erred in failing to consider other relevant factors.

¶18Wife further argues: (1) Husband’s age and proximity to possible retirement age was within the contemplation of the parties at the time alimony was originally ordered, and therefore, the family court erred in focusing only on Husband’s age *162of sixty-seven in deciding to drastically reduce his alimony; (2) South Carolina statutory and case law require a consideration of Husband’s financial ability, and not just “actual income” when assessing a modification request, that financial ability is not determined solely based upon one’s age, and the family court judge’s focus on Husband’s age led it to ignore Husband’s earning potential; and (3) Husband’s age was not the only changed circumstance the family court judge was required to consider, noting the parties’ standard of living during the marriage, each parties’ earning capacity, and the supporting spouse’s ability to continue to support the payee spouse were relevant factors that should have been considered, as well as other factors, such as Wife’s disability and the fact that Wife, who was sixty-six at the time of the alimony reduction hearing, had aged the exact same amount as Husband and was also at an advanced age.

¶19Wife also contends the family court judge improperly excluded testimony concerning Husband’s disability and his ability to work. She points to the family court judge’s order wherein he specifically stated that he had excluded this evidence, as well as to portions of the record showing exclusion of: (1) testimony of Dr. Voss; (2) records regarding Husband’s health issues; (3) the video made by Wife’s private investigator; and (4) Wife’s testimony concerning Husband’s ability to work. She argues the family court excluded this evidence sua sponte, and the exclusion of this evidence violated the section 20-3-170 requirement that the court give “both parties an opportunity to be heard and introduce evidence relevant to the issue.”

¶20Section 20-3-170 of the South Carolina Code provides in pertinent part as follows:

Whenever any husband or wife, pursuant to a judgment of divorce from the bonds of matrimony, has been required to make his or her spouse any periodic payments of alimony and the circumstances of the parties or the financial ability of the spouse making the periodic payments shall have changed since the rendition of such judgment, either party may apply to the court which rendered the judgment for an order and judgment decreasing or increasing the amount of such alimony payments or terminating such payments and *163the court, after giving both parties an opportunity to be heard and to introduce evidence relevant to the issue, shall make such order and judgment as justice and equity shall require, with due regard to the changed circumstances and the financial ability of the supporting spouse, decreasing or increasing or confirming the amount of alimony provided for in such original judgment or terminating such payments.

¶21S.C.Code Ann. § 20-3-170 (1985) (emphasis added). “Once a court sets the amount of periodic alimony, that amount may be modified under the guidelines of S.C.Code Ann. § 20-3-170 (1985).” Sharps v. Sharps, 342 S.C. 71, 75, 535 S.E.2d 913, 916 (2000). To justify modification of an alimony award, the changes in circumstances must be substantial or material. Id. at 76, 535 S.E.2d at 916. Moreover, the change in circumstances must be unanticipated, and the party seeking modification has the burden to show by a preponderance of the evidence that an unforeseen change has occurred. Butler v. Butler, 385 S.C. 328, 336, 684 S.E.2d 191, 195 (Ct.App.2009). “As a general rule, a court hearing an application for a change in alimony should look not only to see if the substantial change was contemplated by the parties, but most importantly whether the amount of alimony in the original decree reflects the expectation of that future occurrence.” Sharps, 342 S.C. at 78, 535 S.E.2d at 917. “Many of the same considerations relevant to the initial setting of an alimony award may be applied in the modification context as well, including the parties’ standard of living during the marriage, each party’s earning capacity, and the supporting spouse’s ability to continue to support the other spouse.” Miles v. Miles, 355 S.C. 511, 519, 586 S.E.2d 136, 140 (Ct.App.2003).

¶22“[W]hen a payor spouse seeks to reduce support obligations based on his diminished income, a court should consider the payor spouse’s earning capacity.” Gartside v. Gartside, 383 S.C. 35, 44, 677 S.E.2d 621, 626 (Ct.App.2009). Where a payor spouse’s actual income versus earning capacity is at issue, the court “must closely examine the payor spouse’s good faith and reasonable explanation for the decreased income.” Id.“However, a payor spouse can be found to be voluntarily underemployed even in the absence of a bad faith motivation.” Id. at 45, 677 S.E.2d at 626.

¶23*164Although there was a limited amount of evidence, aside from Husband’s age, placed on the record, a thorough reading of the transcript reveals that the family court focused only on Husband’s increased age. From the start of the hearing, the judge repeatedly indicated he was not concerned with whether Husband was disabled or was able to work, and considered Husband’s age to be the deciding factor in reducing alimony. Moreover, the court specifically excluded evidence regarding Husband’s ability or inability to work, and provided in its order that it did so based upon the court’s finding that “67 is a reasonable age for retirement.” We find that the court was required, pursuant to section 20-3-170, to consider whether “the circumstances of the parties or the financial ability of the spouse making the periodic payments” had changed. Further, our case law mandates the family court take into consideration “[m]any of the same considerations relevant to the initial setting of an alimony award” in deciding whether modification of an alimony award is proper. Here, the family court expressly considered only Husband’s age, and failed to consider Husband’s financial ability or other circumstances of the parties. Further, the family court judge failed to consider whether any change in circumstances was unanticipated, as is required to support alimony modification, or whether the amount of alimony in the original decree reflected the expectation of any change of circumstances. Finally, the family court judge expressly acknowledged that he excluded the relevant evidence concerning Husband’s ability or inability to work, in contravention to the requirement of § 20-3-170 that the court give “both parties an opportunity to be heard and to introduce evidence relevant to the issue.”

¶24We decline to adopt a bright-line rule that, where the supporting spouse reaches a particular age, that age alone is sufficient to justify a reduction or termination of alimony. Rather, the court should consider all relevant evidence and determine whether there has been a substantial or material, unanticipated change in circumstances warranting a reduction in a supporting spouse’s alimony obligation. Accordingly, we hold the family court committed an error of law by reducing Husband’s alimony based solely on Husband’s age, and reverse and remand this matter to the family court for reconsideration of the issue in a manner consistent with this court’s *165opinion. See Callen v. Callen, 365 S.C. 618, 623-24, 620 S.E.2d 59, 62 (2005) (declining to address the sufficiency of the evidence, because the family court’s findings of fact were so tainted by errors of law as to require the appellate court to reverse the court’s decision and remand the case for a new hearing).

¶25As to Wife’s argument that the family court judge abused his discretion in mischaracterizing the issue, we need not address this issue. See Futch v. McAllister Towing of Georgetown, Inc., 335 S.C. 598, 613, 518 S.E.2d 591, 598 (1999) (holding an appellate court need not address remaining issues when disposition of a prior issue is dispositive).

¶26For the foregoing reasons, the order of the family court judge is

¶27REVERSED AND REMANDED.