Hadley v. Junior College District of Metropolitan Kansas City’s Empirical Analysis
1970
Citation profile
214 federal appellate · 69 district · 280 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 876 later decisions (49 by the Supreme Court) — most recently February 2024 · most notably Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977), City of Mobile v. Bolden (1980)
214 federal appellate · 69 district · 280 state decisions — followed in 34 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Reynolds v. Sims · United States v. Classic · Wesberry v. Sanders · Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15 · Gray v. Sanders
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 876 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[W]hen members of an elected body are chosen from separate districts, each district must be established on a basis that will insure, as far as is practicable, that equal numbers of voters can vote for proportionally equal numbers of officials.”
69 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“We feel that these powers, while not fully as broad as those of the Midland County Commissioners, certainly show that the trustees perform important governmental functions within the districts, and we think these powers are general enough and have sufficient impact throughout the district to justify the conclusion that the principle which we applied in Avery should also be applied here.”
11 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[w]e have also held that where a State chooses to select members of an official body by appointment rather than by election, and that choice does not itself offend the constitution, the fact that each official does not "represent" the same number of people does not deny those people equal protection of the laws.”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.