BUBT0N:t1., 'J/()WN OF, EO,BHEONONG. ','l
BURTON
v. THE TOWN
OF KOSHKONONG.
(Oircuie (Jowre, W. D. WiBconsi1).
-,IS80.)
hi the remedy which practically cuts off a portion of the cause of actiO:!J" or renders the con-, tract of less available worth, is as much .within the constitutional pro. hibition as a law Which strikes directly at contra'ct itself. EdwOIrds v. KeivrBZly, 96 U. S. -
FEDERAL REPORTER.·
interest represented by the coupons from the time of falling due? Upon the first question, I think, the suit being upon the bonds them.selves, which in the body thereof provide for the payment of interest semi-annually until paid, the statute of limitations has no application to the case. The object of attaching warrants for the payment of the interest as it falls due, is to give commercial character and value tD the bonds, by enabling the holder to detach them for presentation and payment when due, or to ,sell them as commercUi.1 paper before due; or, if not paid when due, to enable the holder thereof to bring a separate action to recover the amount represented by them. It is a mere matter of commercial convenience. They are part and parcel of the bond itself until therefrom, or separate suit brought upon them. If relied upon as an independent cause of action, and a separate suit is brought upon them, undoubtedly, the six-year statute of limitations might be pleaded. Amy v. Dubuqu,e, 98 U. S. 470. But the holder is not compelled to bring separate suit upon the coupon, but it is optional with him to do so, or wait until his bond falls due, as in this case, and then sue for principal and interest, basing his action upon the bond, and not upon the coupons, or upon the bond and coupons as constituting one entire cause of action. It seems to me this Dolding is entirely consistent with the case of Amy v. Dubuque, a.bove referred to, and Clark v. Iowa City, 20 Wall. 583. Suppose no coupons had been executed, and the bond had provided, as this now does, for the payment of interest annually, the rule would be just the same. An action might be maintained every six months to recover the interest if not paid. But no one would suppose it to be necessary to bring such action in order to prevent the statute from running upon the interest, or that it would not be optional with the holder to wait until tha bond fell due and recover principal and interest for the entire time. If there were no provision in the body of the bond itself for the payment of semi-annual interest, and the plaintiff had to rely upon the cannons, the case would be different.
V. TOWN OF KOSHKONONG.
875
ThEl other question I think, upon careful consideration, must also be resolved in favor of the plaintiff. The question, like that of the statute of limitations, is' one of looal law. See Amy v. Dubuq1Le, 98 U. S. 470; Crmnwell v. County 0/ Sac, 96 U. S. 51. The supreme court of Wisconsin, in Mills v. Jefferson, 20 Wis. 54, gave a construction to the interest law theretofore in force, and at the time of the issuing of these bonds in force in that state. By that decision these coupons drew in· terest, at the legal rate of 7 per cent., from the time due; not because coupons for the interest were given, but on the ground that, the interest being due and not paid, it draws interest, like any other debt that is overdue, when no interest is ex:· pressly stipulated. This decision was made in 1865. It may be that the weight of· authority upon this question generally is the other way. Certain it is that the authorities are divided. But such was the law of this state when t.hese bonds were made, and until chapter 60, Sesa.Laws 1868, was enacted. It is claimed that this statute has cha,nged the rnle even as to contracts existing at the time of its passage. Sec. tion 1 is as follows: "It was and is the true intent and meaning of sections 1 and 2 of chapter 160 of the General Laws passed in the year 1859, and of all other laws heretofore enacted· in this state prescribing aud limiting the rate of interest, that interest should not be compounded or bear interest upon interest unless an agreement to that effect was clearly expressed in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith." Section 2 is as followl:'l: "Section 2 of chapter 160, of the General Laws of 1859 is hereby amended by adding thereto the following:: And in the'computation of interest upon any bond, note, or other inst'rllment or agreement"interest shall not be compounded; nor shall the interest thereon be con· strued to bear interest." By the Revised Statutes of 1878 the following. provision takes the place of this statute: .computation of "Section 1689. · · · ·. And ill
876
FEDERAL REPORTER.
interest upon any bond, note, or other instrument Or agreement, interest shall not be compounded; nor shall the interest thereon be construed to bear interest unless an agreement to that effect is clearly expressed in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith." It should not be inferred that it was intended either of these statutes should apply to contracts already made, unless such a construction be unavoidable. The legislature may enact new laws or amend old ones for the government of the people in the future, but it cannot put a construction upon laws already existing, and give to such construction a retroactive effect, so as to overturn a settled interpretation given by the court. And to undertake it is to simply confound the legislative with the judicial function. Cooley's Constitutional Limitations, 98-6; Reiser v. William Tell, 39 Pa. St. 137; People v. Bd. Sup'rs of New Y()Tk, 16 N. Y. 431; Salters v. Tolrias, 8 Paige, 838. But suppose the first section of chapter 60 be taken as evidence of an intent on the part of the legislature to make the prohibition against reckoning interest upon interest apply to past contracts, the question arises, does the law impair the obligation of the contract, or does it merely affect the question of the measure of damages which is part of the remedy '1 A judgment rendered in New York, which by the law there draws 7 per cent., if sued over in Massachusetts, where the rate is 6 per cent., only 6 per cent. will be allowed as damages. Barringer v. King, IS Gray, 9. So, if a note given in New York drawing 7 per cent. before and after due is sued in Massachusetts, 7 per cent. will be allowed up to the time the note falls due as interest, according to the law of the place where the contract is made, and 6 per cent. after due as the measure of damages in Massachusetts. So in other states interest is recovered upon a contract after due, not as interest by force of the contract, but as damages. But, whatever the rule may be elsewhere, it has always been in Wisconsin that interest is recoverable upon a cuntratctproviding for interest until due at the same
TOWNOP KOSHKONONG.
87'1
rate after as before due, upon the ground of an implied oontract, and that suoh is the implied agreement and understanding of the parties. See Spencer v.Maa;field, 16 Wis. 178. If interest after due is recoverable on the ground of an implied contract» then such implied contract comes as surely within the protection of the constitutional provision as though the contract were express. During the first 11 years of the life of these bonds, to-wit, from 1857 to 1868, the undoubted law of the state was that interest should be recovered upon the coupons overdue, so that if this suit could have been brought in 1868, before the passage of this statute, the plaintiff must have recovered according to that law. Now,suppose we say that the statute affects the remedy merely, does it not affect it in so substantial a manner as to be equivalent to an impairment of the contract? I think it must be conceded that it cuts off a material portion of his cause of action, as it makes a difference of between one and two thousand dollars whether interest be reckoned according to the law in force when the contract was made, or that in force when the trial is had. The distinction between impairing the obligation of the contract and changing the remedy is very misleading, unless its operation be confined where it belongs, within very narrow limits. I take it that any change in the remedy which practically cuts off a portion of the cause of action, or renders the contract of less available worth, is as much within the constitutional prohibition as a law which strikes directly at the contract itself. Otherwise it would always be in the power of a state legislature to practically nullify this great constitutional guaranty. The remedy existing at the time the contract is made, as entering into the contemplation of the parties at that time, is part of the obligation of the contract, and it should be no more in the power of the legislature to impair that in such a way as. to render the contract of less value, than it is to impair the contract itself. See Edwards v. Kearszey, 96 U.
S. But I think the statute, if made to apply to past contracts, clearly impairs the obligation of the contract itself. But, as
878
I said, a. construction making these statutes apply to con. tracts made before their passage should not be adopted unless necessary, and whatever may be said' of chapter 60, Laws of 1868, it is no longer in force, having been repealed by the Revised Statutes of 1878, which substitutes the other provision above referred to in its place; and as to the last provision,' which is now in force, though the language is general enough to apply to all contracts, if such a construction would not render the law unconstitutional, it should, I think, in view of this consideration, if no other, be held to apply only to contracts executed after its passage; and such I hold to be the proper construction. The plaintiff will be entitled to judgment for the principal of the two bonds, and the amount named in the unpaid cou· pons thereto attached, with interest at 8 per cent. upon the principal from January 1, 1877, the time the bonds fell due, and with interest at 7 per cent. upon the unpaid coupons from the time they severally fell due.
WADSWORTH
v.
ST. CROIX COUNTY.
'Oircuit OQUrt, W. D. Wisconsin. - - , 1880.) L MUNICIPAL
BONDs-BOARD OF SUPERVISORs.-An act of the legisla. ture of the state of Wisconsin provided that the board of supervisors of the defendant county" shall have power, by resolution, to cause to be issued bonds " " " " " " to an amount not exceeding fifty thousand dollars," .. if a majority of the ballots cast" by the legal voters in said county" be 'for railroad aid.'" Held, where a majority of the ballots cast were "for railroad aid," that it still rested in the discretion of the board of supervisors whether such bonds should be issued.
*
Aspenwall v. 0om.'rB of the Oounty of Davies8, 22 How. 364Town oj Ooncord v. Savings Bank, 92 U. S. 625.
Demurrer to Complaint. D. J. This case stands upon a general demurrer to complainant's bill. The suit is in equity, to compel the specific performance of an alleged contract on the part of the BUNN,