United States v. Spencer’s Empirical Analysis
4 F.3d 115 · 1993
Citation profile
43 federal appellate · 4 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 89 later decisions — most recently May 2023 · most notably United States v. Diaz (1999), United States v. Zagari (1997)
43 federal appellate · 4 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 846 (§ 406 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 856 (§ 416 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Kuntz v. City of Dayton · Oklahoma v. New Mexico · New York v. Ferber · Licht v. Texas Commerce Bank · United States v. Rivera
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 89 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“if the defendant makes a showing that the evidence is in fact 'new', i.e., it could not have been discovered, exercising due diligence, before or during trial, and that the evidence is so material and noncumulative that its admission 'would probably lead to an acquittal.'”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A] district court must exercise 'great caution' in determining whether to grant a retrial on the ground of newly discovered evidence, and may grant the motion only in the most extraordinary circumstances.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[a]n appellate court must weigh whether or not there is in reality a 'significant chance' that the disclosure would have induced a reasonable doubt in the minds of enough jurors to prevent a conviction.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.