40 Cal. 4th 965 - People v. Cage’s Empirical Analysis
2007
Citation profile
182 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 188 later decisions — most recently July 2021 · most notably 41 Cal. 4th 555 - People v. Geier (2007), People v. Sanchez (2016)
182 state decisions — followed in 12 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Chapman v. State of California · Crawford v. Washington · Ohio v. Roberts · Arizona v. Fulminante · Davis v. Washington
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 188 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“now confirms that the proper focus [about whether an out-of-court statement is testimonial] is not on the mere reasonable chance that an out-of-court statement might later be used in a criminal trial.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“given and taken primarily for the purpose [of] ... establish[ing] or prov[ing] some past fact for possible use in a criminal trial.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.