United States v. Bloomfield’s Empirical Analysis
40 F.3d 910 · 1994
Citation profile
170 federal appellate · 23 district · 59 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 308 later decisions — most recently February 2025 · most notably City of Dayton v. Erickson (1996), 102 Ohio App. 3d 585 - State v. Carlson (1995)
170 federal appellate · 23 district · 59 state decisions — followed in 23 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Mendenhall · Chambers v. Maroney · Berkemer v. McCarty
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 308 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[w]hen police need the assistance of a drug dog in roadside Terry stops, it will in general take time to obtain one . . . the state highway patrol cannot be expected to have drug dogs immediately available to all officers in the field at all times.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“conduct an investigation 'reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified the interference in the first place.' " Bloomfield, 40 F.3d at 915 (quoting Cummins, 920 F.2d at 502 ). "This reasonable investigation includes asking for the driver's license and registration, requesting that the driver sit in the patrol car, and asking the driver about his destination and purpose.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Moreover, 'if the responses of the detainee and the circumstances give rise to suspicions unrelated to the traffic offense, an officer may broaden his inquiry and satisfy those suspicions.'”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.