State v. Springer

¶1Appellant was convicted of the crime of adultery, which in this state is a felony. From the judgment, by which he was sentenced to a term at hard labor in the state prison, he appeals.

¶2*474Before entering upon the trial, appellant with his plea of not guilty also interposed a plea of former acquittal. It is contended that the court erred in not submitting that plea to the jury to be passed on as a question of fact.

¶3The plea is based upon the following proceedings, to wit:

¶4A complaint was filed before a justice of the peace of Juab County, Utah, charging appellant with the crime of adultery. A preliminary hearing was had upon such complaint, and appellant was held to answer to the district court of the county aforesaid. In due time the district attorney filed an information in the district court of said county, charging appellant with adultery, and for which, it was alleged in said information, appellant had “been duly committed” to said court by a magistrate. To this information appellant filed certain objections in writing, entitled, “Motion to set aside information.” The motion was based upon the following grounds:

“That it appears by the record of the justice’s court of Eureka precinct, Juab County, State of Utah, duly filed in this court, which said record is hereby made a part of this motion, that the defendant herein has not at any timé prior to the filing of this information had the legal and statutory right of a preliminary examination for the offense attempted to be set forth and charged in the said information, or for any offense at all; and that all proceedings at the pretended preliminary examination were and are illegal and void, and that the commitment herein to answer to this court is also illegal, null, and void. Wherefore the defendant prays this court that said information be set aside and quashed, and that he be ordered discharged.”

¶5This motion was filed on the 14th day of October, 1909. The record does not in terms disclose what disposition the district court made thereof, but the record does show that on the same day that the motion was filed a new complaint charging appellant with the same offense was filed before the judge of the district court of Juab County, before whom the motion was filed, and he, in accordance with our statute, entertained the new complaint -while sitting as a magistrate *475aucl not as a district court. Appellant was again arrested upon a warrant duly issued upon said complaint, and be, when brought before said district judge sitting as a magistrate with the consent of the state, waived a¡ preliminary examination upon the charge contained in the new complaint aforesaid. He was again held to answer to the district court of said county. The district attorney in due time filed an information based upon said new complaint and examination had thereon before said district judge sitting as a magistrate. To the last information filed as aforesaid appellant interposed a special demurrer, which, upon consideration by the district court, was sustained, and the district attorney, pursuant to C'omp. Laws 1907, sec. 4783, was, by said district court, ordered to file an amended information covering the same offense, which was done. A trial was had upon said amended information, which resulted in a conviction, as before stated.

¶6The plea of former acquittal, it seems, was based upon section 4783, supra, which reads as follows:

“If the demurrer is allowed, the judgment shall be final upon the information or indictment referred to, and shall be a bar to another prosecution for the same offense, unless the court, being of the opinion that the objection on which the demurrer is allowed may be avoided in a new information or indictment, directs that a new’ information be filed, or that the case be resubmitted to the same or another grand jury.”

¶7Counsel for appellant strenuously insists that the plea of former acquittal was well founded, and should have been submitted to the jury, for the reason that the motion to set aside the information, to which we have referred, was, in legal effect, a demurrer; that, because a. new complaint charging appellant with the same offense had been filed before the judge sitting as a magistrate, it must be.assumed that said mlotion was sustained by the district court of Juab county as a demurrer, and the information to which said motion was directed was held bad. It is contended, therefore, that in view that said motion was, in legal effect, a *476demurrer, and for the reason that the record does not affirmatively show that the district court made an order directing a new or amended information to be filed, the judgment sustaining the motion as a demurrer is final under section 4783, supra. It may be said, however, that, if we may assume that the court sustained said motion without an affirmative showing to that effect, we may also assume that in doing so the court made the necessary order with regard to the filing of another complaint. If to assume one of the foregoing facts is favorable to regularity, so is the other. In the event, therefore, that such an order was made, the filing of the information upon which the prosecution and conviction are based would be authorized and regular, even though it were held that the motion should be treated' as a demurrer to the information.

¶8We are, however, of the opinion that the motion should not be treated as a demurrer to the information. This is so for the reason that under section 4779 demurrers to informations or indictments can only be interposed when the defect appears “upon the face thereof.” The defects set forth in the motion in question did not 1 appear upon the face of the information to which the motion was directed. This is at once apparent from an inspection of the motion itself. Moreover, the motion was no doubt intended to be based upon section 4771, which provides that an information may be set aside (1) “when it fails to recite that the defendant had theretofore been duly committed by a magistrate; (2) when, the names of the witnesses heard for the state at the examination are not indorsed thereon, and (3) when it is not signed by the proper attomey.” The information in question did recite that appellant had been duly committed by a magistrate, but he nevertheless insisted, and, as we think, had the constitution right to insist, that he had not had the preliminary examination contemplated by article 1, sec. 13, of the Constitution of this state.

¶9We are also of the opinion that the appellant was not conclusively bound by the recital referred to in the information filed against him, but that he could chai-*477lenge that recital, and when the challenge was 2 timely interposed, and when it was made to appear to the district court that the appellant had not had the preliminary examination contemplated by the Constitution, it was its duty to set aside or quash the information, and to direct that an opportunity to have a proper preliminary examination be given the appellant. This,'we think, is the usual course pursued by the courts under statutory and constitutional provisions like ours.

¶10In Nebraska, where the statutory provisions with regard to prosecutions by information after a preliminary examination are in substance like our own, it has repeatedly been held by the Supreme Court of that state that an objection that a defendant has not had a preliminary examination for the offense charged in the information 3 filed against him is properly raised' by a motion to quash the information. It is also held by that court that if the statement that the defendant had not had a preliminary examination is found to be true, and the motion is timely interposed, it should be sustained, the information quashed, and the proceedings stayed until the accused has been given a preliminary examination or an opportunity to waive the same as contemplated by law. (Davis v. State), 31 Neb. 247, 47 N. W. 854; Coffield v. State, 44 Neb. 417, 62 N. W. 875; and Dinsmore v. State, 61 Neb. 418, 85 N. W. 445.) While section 4771, supra, does not in terms authorize a motion worded like the one in question to be filed, it is, nevertheless, manifest from- all the statutory provisions upon the subject of filing complaints and informations that the defendant at the proper time must be given an opportunity to insist upon and to enforce his constitutional rights with regard to being given a preliminary examination.

¶11It is a universal rule of common law recognized by all courts of record for centuries that, where there is no statutory method nor a rule of court by which a defect in any proceeding may be called to the attention of the court, it may always be done by a motion, which, if necessary, may be supported by affidavit or other 4*478evidence. In this case it would seem that the state confessed the motion. At any rate, the record does not show that it was contested. We think the motion to set aside the information was properly and timely interposed, but whether the ruling of the district court thereon, whatever it may have been, was right or wrong, is. not, under the record as presented, a question for determination now.

¶12If we are right in our conclusions so far, it must follow that the appellant’s plea of former acquittal had no basis to rest on either in fact or law. This is so because by section 4776, which is part of the chapter in which is found section 4771, supra, which provides for the setting aside of an information by the court, it is expressly 5 provided that “an order to set aside an information or indictment, as provided in this chapter, shall be no bar to a future prosecution for the same offense.” That section is a verbatim copy of section 999 of the Penal Code of California. The Supreme Court of that state, in construing said section, held that, whatever effect may be given to other provisions of the statute, that in adopting the foregoing section, it was nevertheless, made clear that the legislature intended that the quashing or setting aside of an information should not be a bar to any further prosecution of the offense charged in the information that was quashed or set aside. (People v. Breen, 130 Cal. 72, 62 Pac. 408.) That this is a proper construction of section 4776, supra, in our judgment, scarcely admits of a doubt.

¶13But counsel insists that, in view of the decision of this court in the case of State v. Creechley, 27 Utah, 142, 75 Pac. 384, appellant had the unqualified right to* have the issue raised by his plea of former acquittal submitted to and passed upon by the jury as a question of fact, and that because the trial court refused to so 6 submit said issue that appellant was deprived of a substantial right. It must be conceded that the prevailing opinion in the Creechley Case contains some general statements from which, if taken literally, it might be inferred: that, under all circumstances where a plea of formier ac*479quittal is interposed, the courts have no alternative, but must submit the issue raised by the plea to the jury to be passed on by it as a question of fact.

¶14It is a fundamental rule of construction, however, which is of universal application, that, where general language is employed in a statute or decision, it will, if possible, be so construed that in applying* it to concrete cases it will not lead to absurd results or be so construed as to annul other plain provisions of law. To illustrate our 7 meaning, let us assume that A., who is charged with the crime of larceny, interposed a plea of former acquittal upon the ground that at a trial duly had he was acquitted of the crime of assault and battery. Every lawyer- would at once sa.y that the issue raised by such a plea ought not to be submitted to the. jury, but should summarily be disposed of by the court as a question of law, for the reason that to submit such an issue to the jury might lead to an absurd result. Is it not pertinent to ask in what way does the plea in the case at bar differ in principle from the plea in the supposed case just mentioned ? To submit the plea to the jury in the case at bar to be passed on by them as a question of fact must inevitably result in ignoring section 4776, which, as we have seen, expressly provides that the facts, set forth in the plea in question do not constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same offense, and hence cannot legally amount to a former acquittal. C'an a question that is determined by statute as a matter of law, nevertheless, be submitted to the jury to be determined as a matter of fact? The mere statement of the proposition also answers it. The appellant, therefore, had no right to have his plea of former acquittal submitted to the jury as a question of fact, and the trial comrt committed no error in refusing’ to do so. The question being one of law, the trial court could have directed the jury to find the issue raised by the plea in favor of the state as was done in People, v. Ammerman, 118 Cal. 28, 50 Pac. 15, or he could withdraw the whole matter from the consideration of the jury. The trial court prrrsued the latter course by directing the *480jury that they need pay no attention to- the plea oí former acquittal. The court thus disposed of the plea as matter of law. The appellant no- doubt had a right tot have the-court pass up the plea in some form so that he might have the question involved reviewed on appeal. This the court did, and counsel has found no difficulty in presenting the question for review to this court upon the record as made by the trial court. Appellant, therefore, has not been prejudiced in any legal right, and hence cannot complain.

¶15Lest a misunderstanding might arise with regard to-whether the general rule laid down in the Creechley Case is hereby modified, we remark that if what is said in the majority opinion in that case be so construed as to require the trial courts to sumbit a plea of former acquittal to the jury as a question of fact under all circumstances, even where, like in this case, the,question is one purely of law, then the decision in that case is modified to the extent that,, where the question raised by such a plea is one of law merely, the court must determine it.

¶16The further contention is made that the court erred in admitting in evidence a certified copy of a marriage record as evidence of the alleged marriage of appellant to a woman other than the one with whom the alleged offense was committed. It is contended that the parties mentioned in the record aforesaid were not sufficiently 8 identified to authorize the admission of the same as evidence of a marriage. The authorities are not unanimous with regard to whether a marriage record without first identifying the parties' named therein is admissible as evidence of the marriage. The better rule seems to be that where, as in this state, no legal marriage can be consummated without first obtaining a license authorizing the same,, which, together with the certificate of the official who solemnized the marriage authorized in the license, must be-recorded in a public record kept for that purpose, that a certified copy of the record is at l-e-ast evidence of what it states. It is, however, held that, without further identity of the parties named in the record, it is, if standing alone, *481not sufficient to prove that, because the parties before the court bear the same names as those mentioned in the record, therefore, they are the same and identical parties that the record states were married. Tinder this rule, which we think is the better one, a certified copy of the marriage record is admissible in evidence without first identifying the parties named' therein, but, if no further proof of their identity is produced, the marriage of the unidentified parties is not legally proved or established. (Bishop, Mar. Div. & Sep., sec. 990 et seq.; Snowman v. Mason, 99 Me. 490, 59 Atl. 1019; Dailey v. Frey, 206 Pa. 227, 55 Atl. 962.) See, also, State v. Thompson, 31 Utah, 228, 87 Pac. 709, as having some bearing upon the question that a certified copy of a marriage record is proper evidence. The precise question here decided is, however, not passed on there.

¶17Por the foregoing reasons, we think that the court committed no error by admitting the certified' copy of the marriage record in evidence. We are also of the opinion that there was sufficient circumstantial evidence, when considered in connection with appellant’s conduct, which was not disputed, to authorize the jury to infer 9 that the appellant was the identical person named in-said marriage record, and that the woman whom it is therein certified that he married was a woman other than the one with whom it was alleged he had the sexual intercourse, constituting the offense charged against him. The record was, therefore, also admissible upon the latter ground, and we think the marriage of the appellant was sufficiently proved to justify a finding that he was a, married man with a wife living at the time the offense in question was committed.

¶18But we think there is still another reason why the assignment now under consideration cannot prevail. When the certified copy of the marriage record was offered in evidence, one of the objections interposed was that the parties named therein had not been identified. The court held that the parties would have to be identified, but seemed to be of the opinion that such identification' could be made *482as well after as before the record was introduced in evidence. This> therefore, presented a question merely of the order of proof, as was the case in Hydraulic, etc., Co. v. Christensen, 38 Utah, 525, 114 Pac. 524. In that case we held that, under such circumstances it is not error to admit the proposed document in evidence, but that, in case the required identification is not made, the party desiring to save the question for review by this court must either move to strike the document from the record or ask the court to direct the jury not to' consider it as evidence. If the party makes such a motion or request and the court refuses both, he may, after taking a proper exception, present the question for review to this court. Under the authority of that case, therefore, the alleged error is also unavailing to the appellant.

¶19It is further insisted that the court erred in refusing certain requests to charge. An examination of the whole charge as given by the court convinces us that the sub- 10 stance of all the requests which would have been proper was fully covered by the court’s general charge. The appellant, therefore, has no cause for complaint.

¶20Nor is the contention tenable that the appellant, if guilty of anything, is guilty merely of unlawful cohabitation under our statute, and not adultery.

¶21Sexual intercourse is not a necessary ingredient in the crime of unlawful cohabitation. We are of the opinion, however, that in this case the evidence was such as justified the jury in finding that the appellant had sexual intercourse with a woman other than his wife as charged in the information. The evidence in this regard, if not 11 more so, was a.t least as convincing in this case as it was in the case of State v. Moore, 36 Utah, 521, 105 Pac. 293, where a conviction for the crime of adultery was sustained. All that is there said upon the question of the sufficiency of the evidence relating to the sexual act applies with equal force to this case.

¶22We are convinced that the record discloses no prejudicial error, and the judgment is therefore affirmed.