United States v. Heldeman’s Empirical Analysis
402 F.3d 220 · 2005
Citation profile
114 federal appellate · 8 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 141 later decisions — most recently March 2026 · most notably United States v. Pirani (2005), United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta (2005)
114 federal appellate · 8 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on United States v. Booker · United States v. Olano · United States v. Bajakajian · Griffith v. United States · Sutton v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 141 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“overly demanding as to proof of probability.”
14 later decisions quote this exact passage“grossly disproportional to the gravity of [the underlying] offense.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage“(1) whether the defendant falls into the class of persons at whom the criminal statute was principally directed; (2) other penalties authorized by the legislature (or the Sentencing Commission); and (3) the harm caused by the defendant.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.