¶1This action arose from injuries sustained by Lucy Mendoza said to be negligently caused by her employer, B.L.H. Electronics (B.L.H.). Lucy’s husband, Joseph, claimed damages for loss of consortium individually and on behalf of their three minor children. Ivan Mendoza, Joseph’s natural son and Lucy’s unadopted stepson, who was eighteen years old at the time of Lucy’s injury, also sought loss of consortium damages. Prior to trial, the judge granted B.L.H.’s motion in limine which sought to exclude any evidence on Ivan’s behalf, ruling that Ivan could not maintain his action because he was only Lucy’s stepson and not her natural or *438adopted son. At the close of the plaintiffs’ case, the judge granted B.L.H.’s motion for a directed verdict against Ivan on the same ground.
¶2The sole issue for our determination is whether an adult stepchild may recover for his loss of parental consortium from a third party who negligently injured his stepparent. We conclude that he may not and we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
¶3In Diaz v. Eli Lilly & Co., 364 Mass. 153, 165 (1973), we recognized a right of recovery for loss of spousal consortium arising from negligently inflicted injuries by a third party. Subsequently, we ruled that minor dependent children could recover for loss of parental consortium. Ferriter v. Daniel O’Connell’s Sons, 381 Mass. 507, 516 (1980). In Ferriter, however, we maintained “our determination to ‘proceed from case to case with discerning caution’” when extending the right to recover to new relationships. Id.., quoting Diaz, supra at 165. This cautious approach flows from our recognition that “tort liability cannot be extended without limit.” Feliciano v. Rosemar Silver Co., 401 Mass. 141, 142 (1987).
¶4Thus we recently concluded that parents could not recover for loss of a child’s consortium. Norman v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Auth., ante 303 (1988). In Morgan v. Lalumiere, 22 Mass. App. Ct. 262, 270 (1986), the Appeals Court allowed a handicapped adult who was physically, emotionally and financially dependent on the injured parent to recover for loss of consortium. We have observed, however, that Morganis consistent with Ferriterand Diazbecause the physical, emotional and financial dependency of the child resulted in a unique and intense dependency intrinsic to the relationship of the parties. Norman v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Auth., supra at 306. The plaintiff, Ivan Mendoza, now asks us to extend this unique relationship to include adult stepchildren. This we decline to do.
¶5*439In Felicianov. Rosemar Silver Co., supra at 141-142, we denied the plaintiff the right to recover for loss of spousal consortium even though she and the injured party lived “as a de facto married couple” for approximately twenty years and “had joint savings accounts, filed joint tax returns, jointly owned their home, depended on each other for companionship, comfort, love and guidance, and maintained a sexual relationship to the exclusion of all others.” Focusing on the existence of a legal marital relationship to distinguish “the myriad relationships that may exist between mere cohabitants,” we sought to avoid right to recovery standards that are “vague and indefinite.” Id. at 142.
¶6Judgment affirmed.
¶7 Judgments were entered in favor of Joseph and the minor children.
¶8 In Feliciano, supra at 142, we rejected as vague and indefinite the standard that cohabitants must have a stable and significant relationship to qualify for loss of consortium recovery which was adopted in Butcher v. Superior Court, 139 Cal. App. 3d 58, 70 (1983). We note that in Elden v. Sheldon, 46 Cal. 3d 267 (1988), the Supreme Court of California noted that both lower California courts and other jurisdictions have “rejected the Butchertest as inviting ‘mischief and inconsistent results.’” Id. at 276. The court then rejected the Butcherstandard and denied a loss of consortium recovery to unmarried cohabitants. Id. at 278-279.