Calhoun v. Ramsey’s Empirical Analysis
408 F.3d 375 · 2005
Citation profile
25 federal appellate · 2 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 81 later decisions — most recently July 2025 · most notably Lewis v. City of Chicago (2007), Sornberger v. City of Knoxville (2006)
25 federal appellate · 2 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · City of Canton v. Harris · Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati · Board of the County Commissioners of Bryan County v. Brown · City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 81 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““(1) an express policy that, when enforced, causes a constitutional deprivation; (2) a widespread practice that, although not authorized by written law or express municipal policy, is so permanent and well settled as to constitute a custom or usage with the force of law; or (3) an allegation that the constitutional injury was caused by a person with final policymaking authority.””
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[T]he absence of a policy might reflect a decision to act unconstitutionally, but the Supreme Court has repeatedly told us to be cautious about drawing that inference.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“evidence that there is a true municipal policy at issue, not a random event.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.