Rowland v. Perry’s Empirical Analysis
41 F.3d 167 · 1994
Citation profile
57 federal appellate · 8 district · 6 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 152 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2025 · most notably SAUCIER v. KATZ Et Al. (2001), Lennon v. Miller (1995)
57 federal appellate · 8 district · 6 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1292 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Graham v. Connor · Mitchell v. Forsyth · Joshua Deshaney, a Minor, by His Guardian Ad Litem, and Melody Deshaney,s v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services, et al.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 152 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Subjective factors involving the officer's motives, intent, or propensities are not relevant.”
17 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Mack v. Reddick · McCarn v. Beach“[a]rtificial divisions in the sequence of events”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Samaniego v. City of Kodiak · Vanessa Abraham, in Her Own Right and as Administratrix of the Estate of Robert Abraham, Deceased, and on Behalf of Robert Christopher Abraham, Jr., Labreea Von Abraham and Taquan Carey, the Minor Children of Decedent Cna Insurance Company (Intervenor-Plaintiff in d.c.) v. Kimberly Raso, Badge No. 243, Individually and in Her Official Capacity as a Township of Cherry Hill Police Officer the Township of Cherry Hill Cherry Hill Center, Inc. The Rouse Company of New Jersey, Inc. The Rouse Company MacY East Inc. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (Intervenor-Defendant in d.c.) Kimberly Raso Joris Hoogendoorn v. The Estate of Robert C. Abraham, Deceased Vanessa Abraham, Administratrix of the Estate of Robert C. Abraham Vanessa Abraham, Individually MacY Department Store John Doe(s), a Fictitious Name or Names, Jointly Severally or in the Alternative Vanessa Abraham, in Nos. 98-5405. Kimberly Raso Joris Hoogendoorn, in Nos. 98-5406“the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.