State v. Riley

¶1The defendant, Thomas Riley, was informed against in the district court of Salt Late County for the murder of one George W. Fassell on March 26, 1910. A trial was had, and on June 23, 1910, the defendant was found guilty *228as charged, and was sentenced, July 8, 1910, to be executed. From the judgment rendered, the defendant has appealed to this court.

¶2The following terse and lucid statement of the facts leading up to and surrounding the commission of the homicide is taken from the able and exhaustive brief filed by defendant’s counsel in the case.

¶3“The evidence showed that the defendant, Thomas Riley, who had previously given his name as James Hayes, with one Henry Thorne and another man by the name of ‘Cur-ley,’ on the evening of March 26, 1910, had gone to the store of George W. Fassell on Fourth South Street, between Sixth and Seventh East streets, in Salt Lake City, Htah, and had entered there for the purpose of holding up the occupants of the store and of committing robbery. The three men entered the store, Thorne going in first, and with his revolver commanded of Mr. Jacobson, one of the clerks there, that he throw up his hands. The defendant, Riley, followed, and, taking his position near the center of the store, commanded Faissell to throw up his hands.. The other man, ‘Curley,’ stayed in the doorway, and when trouble began he left the place, and has never been apprehended by the authorities. Thorne forced Jacobson back into one comer of th© store-room ; and while Riley was covering Fassell with his revolver, and while Fassell had his arms in air, Thorne camie to him and told him to stand back in the comer where Jacobson was. Fassell had his eyes on Riley, and, not paying much attention to Thorne, Thorne jabbed him in the side of the ribs and while urging him to get back his revolver was discharged accidentally or otherwise, and Fassell fell to the floor mortally wounded. As Fassell fell to the floor, Thome stepped around to the cash register, took what money he could, .and while he was doing this Jacobson dodged out of the back door of the store, and Riley, then seeing that Jacobson had gone, rushed1 out of the front door, soon after followed by Thorne. The two made their way uptown, went to the Angeles rooming house, and were arrested. The men were taken to the police station, questioned somewhat that *229evening’ by the officers, and tbe need? morning Tbome made a written confession to tbe chief of police, and Riley, after being questioned for some considerable time by tbe chief of police .and police officers, confessed that be participated in tbe killing as above stated.”

¶41 Tbe assignment of error first discussed by appellant relates to the manner in which tbe jury was impaneled. Twelve jurors were first called and sworn on their voir dire, and examined as to their qualifications to serve as jurors. Some of these jurors were excused for cause. Tbe defendant then demanded that before be should be required to exercise peremptory challenges as to tbe jurors remaining in tbe jury box other jurors be called to taka tbe place of those who- were excused. Tbe court ruled that both tbe state and defendant must exercise or waive their right to peremptorily challenge tbe jurors remaining -in tbe jury box, and those not- challenged should be sworn to try the case, before any additional jurors should be called to take the place of those who were challenged and excused. Of the twelve jurors first drawn, eleven were either excused for cause, or challenged peremptorily, and one was accepted and sworn to try the cause. This process was repeated until the panel was completed and accepted to try the cause:. Counsel for appellant contends that this was error.

¶5Section 4826, Comp-. Laws Utah 1907, provides that “before a juror is called, the defendant must be informed by the court, or under its direction, that if he intends to challenge an individual juror, he must do so when the juror appears and before ha is sworn.” Section 4828 provides that “it must be taken when the juror appears and before he is sworn to try the cause; but the court may for cause permit it to be taken after the juror is sworn and before the jury is completed.” These provisions were taken from the California Penal Code (4 Kerr’s Cyc. Code, secs. 1066, 1068) ; and the Supreme Court- of that state has repeatedly held that the method pursued in the impaneling of the jury in this ■casa is, under the foregoing provisions of the statute, the proper one to follow. (People v. Scroggins, 37 Cal. 676; *230People v. Russell, 46 Cal. 121; People v. Riley, 65 Cal. 107, 3 Pac. 413; People v. Hickman, 113 Cal. 80, 45 Pac. 175.) We also invite attention to People v. Lee, 1 Cal. App. 169, 81 Pac. 969, and to 24 Cyo. 250.

¶6Tbis question was before this court in People v. Callahan, 4 Utah, 49, 6 Pac. 49, and Mr. Justice Emerson, speaking* for the court, said:

“The last point made by appellant is that the formation of the trial jury in the case was contrary to law. The court followed the rule laid down, under a statute from which ours was-copied, by the Supreme Court of California in People v. Scroggins, . . . and which was approved in People v. Russell. . . . Upon, the authority of these cases, as well as from the reason drawn from the statute, no error was committed in forming the trial jury for this case.”

¶7On the authority of these cases, which we think enunciate the correct rule of impaneling a jury under the provisions of the statute herein referred to, and which is fully supported by the authorities above cited, this assignment of error is overruled.

¶82 It is alleged in the next assignment of error that the court erred in overruling defendant’s motion for a change of venue. The motion was based upon an affidavit made by defendant, in which hei alleged that he believed he could not have a fair and impartial trial in Salt Lake County because of the prejudice existing among the people, residents of said county, against him. No counter affidavits were filed. The record shows that the trial was commenced on June! 13, 1910. At the time the case was called for trial, the defendant, being present in court, his- counsel announced that he was ready for trial, and the trial proceeded without any request having been made, by motion or otherwise, for a change of venue. On the first day of tbei trial, several jurors were examined, and one juror was accepted and sworn to try the case. The facts and circumstances leading up> to and which prompted the making and filing of the affidavit and motion for a change of venue are about as follows:

¶9*231Upon tbe convening of the court on the second day of the trial (June 14, 1910’), the court called attention of counsel for the defense to a certain article appearing in the Uerald-Republican of that date, a daily newspaper published in Salt Lake Oity, in which was a brief summary of the facts and circumstances leading up to and surrounding the commission of the crime, including the written confession of Thorne, in which the defendant was implicated as one of the parties engaged in the perpetration of the robbery at the time Fas-sell was killed. On being shown the article, counsel immediately moved the court for a change of venue, and in support of the motion presented the defendant’s affidavit, in which it is alleged that at the time the crime in question was-eommitted, and for several days thereafter, “the public journals of Salt Lake City published full and detailed accounts of the tragedy alleged and of the parties concerned therein, alleged to have been the parties who perpetrated the alleged crime, . . . and made such strong statements of the evidence and all matters . . . connected therewith that public opinion formed very strongly against this defendant, and considerable excitement was created in the public mind at that time on account of the transaction as alleged in the newspapers, which excitement and public opinion ranged so high that the county officials having this defendant in custody were compelled to remove him from the county jail to the Utah State Prison to prevent him being a victim of mob violence. . . . (Reference is here made to the newspaper article mentioned, a copy of which is attached to the affidavit and made a part thereof.) That he has reason to believe, and does believe, that the said Herald-Republican has a large circulation and is 'extensively read throughout Salt Lake Cbunty, and that the article herein referred to and made a part hereof has and will mold public opinion as to render a fair and impartial trial impossible in Salt Lake County. Affiant further believes that by reason of the sentiment heretofore created and revived and extended by the article hereto attached justice cannot be had in Salt Lake County. . .

¶10*232Tie article referred to, so far as material to tie determination of tie question under consideration, is as follows:

“James Hayes, ciarged witi murder in tie first degree for tie killing of George W. Fassell tie nigit of Marci 26ti, was brought before Judge T. D. Lewis in tie district court' for trial yesterday morning. . . . Counsel for tie prisoner announced at tie opening of tie court that Eiley wisied to give iis true name of Tiomas Eiley, and on order of tie court tie alias of James Hayes was changed. . . . Eiley was not handcuffed, although Deputy Sheriffs Andrew Smith, Jr., and Eiciard Eddington took turns sitting‘beside him. . . . Eiley is ciarged as being one of tie three men who held up tie grocery store at tie time George W. Fassell was killed, but tie state does not expect to show that he was tie man who fired tie fatal shot. Henry Thorne:, who was arrested witi Eiley, has confessed that he fired tie shot which killed Fassell and this confession implicated Eiley as tie man who was witi him at tie time. Another man known as ‘Curley,’ who made up tie trio- of robbers escaped and to date has not been captured. Tie confession of Thorne, which was made tie day after tie murder, will be paramount in tie trial, this confession reading as follows: ‘Salt Lake City, Utáh, Marci 27, 1910. Confession of Harry Thom© of tie murder of G. W. Fassell on tie nigit of Marci 26, 1910. Hayes and myself and a. man named Curley, whom I had not met before, left tie room about 7:30 p-. m., intending to hold up tie first place that looked good. We went into tie store, which you say is Fassell’s. Hayes stood about half way along the counter, facing tie butcher. We told them to hold up their hands. Tie butcher held iis up high, but Fassell did not hold iis up high enough, or fast enough, and as I was trying to get them together near tie north end of tie counter, tie butcher ran through the back, and I put the gun against Fassell’s side to hurry him up-, and it went; off. After shooting Fassell I took some money- out of tie cash register. Curley had taken some money before: I got to it. Tie pencil sketch of tie store signed by me is about correct. [Signed] Harry Thome.’ Witnesses: S. M. Bar*233low, J. J. Roberts, H. F. Wilson, R. F. Golding, George Chase. The murder of Fassell was the chief topic of conversation for'many days, because of the general popularity of the young groeeryman, who, at the time of his death, was secretary of the Retail Merchants’ Association and1 also prominent in the Phillips Congregational Church. .He was engaged to marry Miss Bessie Worthen of 566 East Tenth South Street, and also had a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. Riley and Thome were arrested at the Angeles rooming house within a half hour after the murder by Detectives George Sheets, Chase and Schultz, and S. M. Barlow, ■chief of police. The detectives had been warned that the gang of criminals had come from Ogden to Salt Lake and were quartered at the rooming house, and earlier in the evening they had called there for the purpose of taking them in on general principles and getting them moved out of town ■on floaters. Not finding their men, the detectives returned to the police station with the intention of arresting the gang later that night, and they had only reached the station when a telephone call came, informing them of the holdup and murder. Then they retraced their steps and got their mien.”

¶11Counsel for defendant strenuously insists that the showing thus made entitled defendant to a change of venue. Section 4799, Comp. Laws Utah 1907, provides that “a¡ criminal action may be removed from the court in which it is pending on application of the defendant, upon the ground that a fair and impartial trial cannot be had in, the county where the action is pending.” Section 4800- provides that the application must be supported by an affidavit or affidavits. Section 48.02 provides that, “if the court is' satisfied that the representations of the applicant are true, an order must be made for the removal of the action to the district court of a county free from such objection.” In the case of State v. Carring-ton, 15 Utah, 480, 50 Pac. 526, this court, in harmony with the great weight of authority, held that the exercise of the power granted by the foregoing provisions of the statute is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and that a •denial of the application for a change of venue will not be *234reviewed, unless it is made to appear that suck discretion kas been abused. Tke doctrine announced1 in tkat ease was reaffirmed in State v. Haworth, 24 Utah, 398, 68 Pac. 155. Tkese provisions of our statute were taken from the Penal Code of California, and tke Supreme Court of that state kas frequently held tkat an application for a change of venue is addressed -to tke sound discretion of tke court; and, unless it clearly appears tkat tke court kas abused its discretion, its ruling granting or denying a change of venue will not be disturbed. (People v. Fisher, 6 Cal. 155; People v. Mahoney, 18 Cal. 181; People v. Graham, 21 Cal. 261; People v. Congleton, 44 Cal. 92; People v. Goldensen, 76 Cal. 328, 19 Pac. 161; People v. Vincent, 95 Cal. 425, 30 Pac. 581.)

¶12We also invite attention to tke following authorities, which illustrate and support this doctrine: State v. Pomeroy, 30 Ore. 16, 46 Pac. 797; State v. Armstrong, 43 Ore. 207, 73 Pac. 1022; Pearce v. Territory, 11 Okl. 438, 68 Pac. 504; State v. Parmenter, 70 Kan. 513, 79 Pac. 123; State v. Champoux, 33 Wash. 339, 74 Pac. 557; 12 Cyc. 243.

¶13Section 4802 of tke Code provides tkat, “if the court is satisfied tkat tke representations of tke applicant are true,” tke application for a change of venue must be granted. Tke important question therefore is: Ought the court to have been satisfied from tke showing made tkat tke defendant could not obtain a fair and impartial trial in Salt Lake County ? Tke court, in commenting and passing on the; motion, said: “I do not think there is any ground for a change of venue. Tke examination of tke jurors did not disclose suck feeling as would warrant a change of venue; . . . Some of them were disqualified by reason of having read tke paper; but none of them indicated any hostility to- tke defendant. . . . There is no indication of public feeling in tke examination of tke jurors, and’ tke article in this morning’s paper would not tend to arouse public feeling in tke sense tkat it would be unsafe for tke defendant to go to trial.” Tke views of tke court thus expressed respecting tke effect, if any, tkat tke newspaper* article had on tke proceedings and tke general state of public opinion in Salt Lake County to*235ward tbe defendant are fully supported by tbe record. Of all tbe jurors examined, only seven, so far as shown by tbe record, read tbe article' in question, and one of tbe seven' was accepted and sworn to try tbe case. Another of tbe jurors, who bad read tbe article, was passed for cause both by tbe prosecution and defense, and was challenged peremptorily by the state. In fact, after tbe second da,y of tbe trial, neb tber tbe prosecution nor tbe defense seemed to regard tbe article mentioned as an element or factor in tbe case. Some of tbe jurors were not even interrogated in reference to tbe article. And we: think tbe examination of tbe jurors generally shows conclusively that tbe public sentiment in Salt Lake County towards tbe defendant was not such as would tend to prevent him from having a fair and impartial trial. Tbe •court, at tbe time of tbe motion for a, change of venue, stated that if, upon further examination of tbe jurors, it should appear that tbe defendant was prejudiced by tbe publication ■of the newspaper article mentioned, leave would be granted tbe defendant to renew bis motion for a change of venue. This tbe defendant did not do. He went to trial without further objection, and submitted tbe case to tbe jury without having exhausted bis peremptory challenges. In fact, we think it clearly appears from tbe record that no greater difficulty was experienced in obtaining a jury than is usually met with in this class of cases. We are therefore of the opinion that tbe court did not err in denying tbe motion for a change of venue.

¶143 Tbe only remaining question presented by tbe appeal is that raised by tbe motion for a new trial. This motion was based on tbe alleged misconduct of tbe jury in receiving “evidence out of court other than that resulting from a view of tbe premises or any communication, document, or paper referring to tbe casia” It appears that a revolver and pair of overalls, which were taken from tbe possession of defendant and bis associates at tbe time they were arrested, were introduced in evidence. After tbe cause was ■submitted and tbe jury bad retired to consider their verdict, tbe bailiff, who bad been sworn to take charge of tbe jury during their deliberations, carried to tbe jury room, and left *236with the jury the revolver and overalls mentioned. It was shown by the affidavit of one of the jurymen that, while he and his fellow jurors were deliberating oh the case, one of them picked up- the revolver and said “that it was a murderous looking instrument, and that it showed conclusively the intent of Riley.” Section 4881, Comp-. Laws Utah 1901, provides that, “upon retiring for deliberation, the jury may take with them -all papers, except depositions, which shall have been received as evidence in the case, o-r copies of such public records or private documents given in evidence as ought not, in the -opinion of the.- court, to- be taken from the-person having them in possession. They may also- take with them the written instructions given and notes of the testimony or other proceedings of the trial, taken by themselves or any of them, but none taken by any other person.” It is- contended on behalf of defendant that, as the foregoing provisions of the statute do not expressly include exhibits other than papers and writings, there is no ■ authority of law for exhibits of the character under consideration to be taken to- the jury room and used by the jury after the cause has been submitted to them. The general rule is that, in the absence of any statute on the subject, the matter of allowing the jury to- take with them exhibits which have been admitted in evidence when they retire to- their room for deliberation is largely left to the discretion of the- court. In 1 Bisho-p’s New Grim. Proc., sec. 982, the author says:

“By permission (of court) they may take the indictment or other records which present the issues to be tried, the instructions of the court when in writing, the duly identified instruments or1 relics of the crime used as exhibits at the trial.”

¶15(12 Ency. Pl. & Pr. 593; 2 Thompson on Trials, secs. 2574-2597; Longworth v. Connelly, 14 Neb. 340, 15 N. W. 737, 45 Am. Rep. 117; Russell v. State, 66 Neb. 497, 92 N. W. 751.)

¶16And it has been held in jurisdictions having statutes similar to our own on this subject that the matter of permitting the jury to take with them on retiring to- consider their ver-*237diet exhibits which hare been admitted'in evidence, other than those mentioned in the statute, is within the discretion of the court. The provisions of our statute relating to the subject were copied from the Penal Code of California.; and the Supreme Cburt of that state, in construing the provisions of the Code from which our statute was taken, held, in People v. Cochran, 61 Cal. 548, that the sending of 'exhibits to the jury room or withholding them is within the discretion of the court. In the course of the opinion, the court said:

“The statute is not mandatory. It directs the court to allow the jury to take with them any papers received as evidence which may he of service to them in making up their verdict; hut none can he taken without permission of the court. The matter is therefore left to the sound discretion of the court, and its action is not revisable, unless there has been an abuse of discretion.”

¶17The State of Washington has a similar statute. (2 Ballinger’s Ann. Codes & St., see. 5004.) In State v. Webster, 21 Wash. 63, 57 Pac. 361, the jury, under the direction of the court, took with them on retiring to their room for deliberation a bottle of whisky and a bottle containing a drug which had been admitted in evidence; This was assigned as error. The court, in disposing of the question, said:

“But the objection of counsel is met by the very well considered case of Doctor Jack v. Territory, 2 Wash. T. 101, 3 Pac. 832, in which the above section, which has been the existing law of the state and territory for many years, is construed. There it was held that exhibits properly introduced in evidence and explanatory of the evidence of the witnesses might be taken to the jury room (in that case, which was a conviction for murder in the first degree, a hat and coat, which were exhibits in the case, were taken to the jury room); and such has been the practice and accepted construction of this section since then”—

¶18Citing with approval People v. Cochran, supra.

¶19The statutes of Minnesota contain a provision almost identical with section 4881 of our own Code (volume 2, Stat. Minn. 1894, sec. 5375), and in the case of State v. Olsen, 103 N. W. 727, it was held tbat the trial court did1 not err in permitting the jury to take with them when they retired *238for deliberation a bottle of “tonto,” which had been admitted in evidence. The court said:

“The bottle of ‘tonto,’ which the chief of police purchased, was properly received in evidence and made an exhibit in the case. The defendant objected to the bottle being taken by the jury on retiring. The learned trial court treated it as an exhibit, and applied to it the same rule as to papers, under section 5375, General Statutes 1894, in any case, but told the jury that its contents were not to be tasted, but simply carried to the jury room for inspection. As an exhibit, it was properly received in evidence, and within the discretion of the court submitted to the jury; and there appears to be nothing on which to furnish a foundation for the claim that injury had been done or the discretion of the court abused by this procedure.”

¶20This same court reaffirmed, tbe doctrine here announced iu the case of State v. Lindquist, 110 Minn. 12, 124 N. W. 215.

¶21The Montana Statutes contain a similar provision (volume 2, Code of Mont. 1895, sec. 2122), and in Territory v. Doyle, 7 Mont. 245, .14 Pac, 671, it was held not to be error for thel jury to take with them on retiring to their room for deliberation an account book belonging to the accused. (State v. Allen, 23 Mont. 121, 57 Pac. 725; People v. Mahoney, 77 Cal. 529, 20 Pac. 73; People v. Hower, 151 Cal. 638, 91 Pac. 507; Gresser v. State (Tex. Or. App.), 40 S. W. 595; Spelling, New Tr. & App. Pr., sec. 162; 12 Oyc. 677.)

¶22The following cases also discuss and illustrate this question: State v. Wallace, 78 Conn. 677, 63 Atl. 448; Adams v. State, 93 Ga. 166, 18 S. E. 553; Taylor v. Commonwealth, 90 Va. 109, 17 S. E. 812; State v. McCafferty, 63 Me. 223; Powell v. State, 61 Miss. 319; Phillips v. State, 156 Ala. 140, 47 South. 245; People v. Gallagher, 75 App. Div. 39, 78 N. T. Supp. 5; People v. Hughson, 154 N. Y. 153, 47 N. E. 1092; Martin v. Commonwealth (Ky.), 100 S. W. 872; State v. Pepoon, 62 Wash. 635, 114 Pac. 449.

¶234 In this case, however, it seems that the exhibits were taken to the jury room by the bailiff, without the consent or knowledge of the court. While this was an irregularity, yet we fail to see in what way the defendant could have been prejudiced thereby. The revolver and over*239alls were properly admitted in evidence, and were seen by the jury during the trial. It was not shown, nor can we, under the circumstances, presume, that the jury made any improper use of the articles in the jury room. Nor is it contended that the jury made, or could have made, discovery of any fact or facts by the inspection of the articles in the jury room other than those disclosed by them at the time they were admitted in evidence.

¶245 The remarks made by one of the jurors, hereinbefore referred to, respecting his impressions of the revolver, and as to what it showed, in no sense constituted misconduct. To illustrate: Suppose the articles mentioned had not been taken to the jury room, and it were shown that one or more of the jurors, during the deliberations of the jury, had stated that the revolver in question “was a murderous looking instrument, and that it showed conclusively the intent” of the defendant, we take it that no lawyer would seriously contend that such statements would constitute misconduct on the part of the jurors making them.

¶25Judgment affirmed.