Baker v. United States’s Empirical Analysis
412 F.2d 1069 · 1969
Citation profile
92 federal appellate · 1 district · 40 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 153 later decisions — most recently July 2022 · most notably United States v. Rodriguez (1978), James v. United States (1969)
92 federal appellate · 1 district · 40 state decisions — followed in 15 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2 · 18 U.S.C. § 2113 · 18 U.S.C. § 2114
Relies on United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. · Dennis v. United States · United States v. Radio Television News Directors Ass'n · Heflin v. United States · Milanovich v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 153 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[The] apparent capacity to carry out . . . harm, combined with a highly charged atmosphere and the possibility of action by employees or others to prevent the robbery, is a complex of circumstances in which the person on the scene is in jeopardy of harm which may occur in any one of various ways.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“"`An accused cannot be punished by a more severe sentence because he unsuccessfully exercised his constitutional right to stand trial rather than plead guilty. See Thomas v. United States, 368 F.2d 941 (5th Cir. 1966); United States v. Martell, 335 F.2d 764 (4th Cir. 1964); United States v. Wiley, 278 F.2d 500 (7th Cir. 1960).'" Commonwealth v. Staley, supra, 229 Pa.Super. at 324 , 324 A.2d at 395 .”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a gun used in connection with and at the scene of a * * * robbery is as a matter of law a dangerous weapon and that those on the immediate scene of the robbery are placed in an objective state of danger * * *.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.