Lefkowitz v. Turley’s Empirical Analysis
1973
Citation profile
474 federal appellate · 78 district · 852 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,850 later decisions (58 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2025 · most notably Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill (1985), Oregon v. Elstad (1985)
474 federal appellate · 78 district · 852 state decisions — followed in 48 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1253
Relies on Boyd v. United States · Malloy v. Hogan · Kastigar v. United States · Murphy v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor · Garrity v. State of New Jersey
Cited together with Garrity v. State of New Jersey · Lefkowitz v. Cunningham · Gardner v. Broderick · Kastigar v. United States · Minnesota v. Murphy
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,850 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“not only protects the individual against being involuntarily called as a witness against himself in a criminal prosecution but also privileges him not to answer official questions put to him in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in future criminal proceedings.”
105 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“given adequate immunity, the State may plainly insist that employees either answer questions under oath about the performance of their job or suffer the loss of employment”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“must be offered 'whatever immunity is required to supplant the privilege' and may not be required to 'waive such immunity.'”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.