415 Pa. Super. 231 - Commonwealth v. Epps’s Empirical Analysis
1992
Citation profile
2 federal appellate · 41 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 43 later decisions — most recently February 2023 · most notably 19 Va. App. 437 - Logan v. Commonwealth (1994), 453 Pa. Super. 294 - In the Interest of B.C. (1996)
2 federal appellate · 41 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Cortez · United States v. Sokolow · Florida v. Bostick
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 43 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“It is well settled that to justify their decision to stop and briefly detain appellant, the police need not establish their suspicions to a level of certainty, a preponderance, or even a fair probability. The suspect’s expectation of privacy is not sufficiently infringed by the minimal intrusion attendant to an investigatory stop as to require any more than a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot. Though not tantamount to a “hunch,” the requisite quantum of suspicion necessary to conduct an investigatory stop is a level “obviously less demanding than for probable cause.””
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“modes or patterns of operation of certain kinds of lawbreakers. From these data, a trained officer draws inferences and makes deductions — inferences and deductions that might well elude an untrained person. ... [T]he evidence thus collected must be seen and weighed not in terms of library analysis by scholars, but as understood by those versed in the field of law enforcement.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage“In reviewing whether reasonable suspicion (dr probable cause) exists, we must, of course, examine the totality of the circumstances to determine whether there exists a particu larized and objective basis for suspecting an individual stopped of criminal activity.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.