United States v. Johnson’s Empirical Analysis
416 F.3d 464 · 2005
Citation profile
6 federal appellate · 2 district · 2 state decisions
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2113 · 18 U.S.C. § 924
Relies on United States v. Bailey · United States v. Villegas · United States v. Contento-Pachon · United States v. Garner · United States v. Moreno
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 26 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) that defendant was under an unlawful and present, imminent, and impending threat of such a nature as to induce a well-grounded apprehension of death or serious bodily injury; (2) that the defendant had not recklessly or negligently placed himself in a situation in which it was probable that he would be forced to choose the criminal conduct; (3) that the defendant had no reasonable, legal alternative to violating the law, a chance both to refuse to do the criminal act and also to avoid the threatened harm; (4) that a direct causal relationship may be reasonably anticipated between the criminal action taken and the avoidance of the threatened harm; (5) that defendant did not maintain the illegal conduct any longer than absolutely necessary.”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“... [a] duty to require a prima facie showing by the defendant that he can produce evidence on each of the elements of the defense. A trial judge does not “invade” the province of the jury when determining, as a preliminary matter, whether a defendant has met the burden of introducing sufficient evi dence on each of the elements of an asserted defense; here, duress.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“[w]here a defendant claims an affirmative defense, and that defense finds some support in the evidence and in the law, the defendant is entitled to have the claimed defense discussed in the jury instructions.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.