Commonwealth v. Marvin

¶1The defendant’s appeal, which we transferred here on our own motion, raises a single question arising from a judge’s denial of the defendant’s request that he be permitted to present a closing argument at his probation revocation hearing. The claim is that the denial violated the defendant’s right to due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment *292to the Constitution of the United States and art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights.

¶2The Sixth Amendment right to counsel includes a defendant’s right to make a closing argument in a criminal trial. See Herring v. New York, 422 U.S. 853, 862-863 (1975); Commonwealth v. Miranda, 22 Mass. App. Ct. 10, 12-13 (1986). Perhaps because a probationer in a revocation hearing does not have the full range of constitutional rights applicable in a criminal trial (see Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 782 [1973]; Commonwealth v. Durling, 407 Mass. 108, 112 [1990]), the defendant does not argue here that the denial of his request to make a closing argument violated either his State or his Federal constitutional right to counsel. See also Williams v. Commonwealth, 350 Mass. 732, 736-737 (1966), concerning a court rule requirement that counsel be appointed for an indigent defendant in a probation revocation matter.

¶3In the summer of 1989, the defendant was convicted of various charges and received concurrent sentences of incarceration, twenty-four months to be served, and the balance of each sentence suspended with probation for five years. Based on the issuance on September 28, 1992, of a restraining order against the defendant under G. L. c. 209A (1992 ed.), a notice of surrender was issued to the defendant on February 4, 1993. A Superior Court judge held a final probation revocation hearing on February 23, 1993, and ordered the defendant’s probation revoked.

¶4The testimony before the judge warranted the conclusion that the defendant had violated the conditions of his probation and justified the entry of an order revoking the defendant’s probation. Although the judge failed to make findings of fact or to state the reasons for his conclusions, the defendant does not challenge those omissions on appeal.1

¶5*293The testimony of the defendant’s wife indicated, among other things, that in February, 1992, the defendant beat her so badly that she had to be treated at a hospital; in April, 1992, she received seven stitches as a result of the defendant’s punching her; in May, 1992, the defendant threw his stepson’s hamster against a wall, killing it; in August, 1992, he broke the neck of the family’s pet rabbit and bit his wife’s leg, leaving marks still visible at the time of the probation revocation hearing; in September, 1992, his wife had to go to a hospital because of his violent acts; and on the day before the G. L. c. 209A order was entered, the defendant chased his wife out of their house, saying, “I am going to bury you in the ground.”

¶6At the conclusion of the testimony, counsel for the defendant said that he would like to make an argument on behalf of his client. The judge replied, “There are no arguments.” Defense counsel objected and pressed the point that the defendant would like to be heard before the judge made a decision, but the matter proceeded with the entry of orders that the sentences previously imposed be executed.

¶7The defendant could have argued to us that the judge erred in not making written findings of fact and in not setting forth his reasons for the revocation of probation. See note 1 above. If the defendant had done so and had pressed his rights, he could have discovered whether the judge erred because of a mistaken belief that the defendant was before him for violating a restraining order.2 There is reason to believe from statements of the judge during the hearing that he may have thought that probation revocation was proposed *294because the defendant had violated a court order.3 Allowing defense counsel to present a final argument might have eliminated any uncertainty on this point. On the other hand, the defendant could have protected his rights by requesting written findings and reasons (as he did), pressing for action on his request, and appealing from any failure of the judge to act on the request.

¶8We are aware of no authority that says that the failure to grant final argument in a probation revocation hearing is a violation of a probationer’s constitutional right to due process of law: Cf. Ruedas v. State, 586 S.W.2d 520, 523-524 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (refusal to allow closing argument in probation revocation proceeding violates State constitutional right to counsel). The requirements of due process in these circumstances are flexible. See Black v. Romano, 471 U.S. 606, 613 (1985) (“our precedents have sought to preserve the flexible, informal nature of the revocation hearing, which does not require the full panoply of procedural safeguards associated with a criminal trial”); Commonwealth v. Durling, 407 Mass. 108, 113-114 (1990). “The written statement required by [Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973)] and [Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471 (1972)] helps to insure accurate factfinding with respect to any al*295leged violation and provides an adequate basis for review to determine if the decision rests on permissible grounds supported by the evidence.” Blackv. Romano, supra at 613-614. We decline to impose a universal due process requirement that a defendant in a probation revocation hearing has an absolute right to make a closing argument. Of course, better practice would permit such a defendant to present at least a brief closing argument.

¶9We also decline to answer the question whether on the specific facts of this case there was a denial of due process because no final argument was allowed. It is apparent that the judge believed enough of the wife’s testimony to revoke the defendant’s probation. It is doubtful that defense counsel could have said anything to the judge that would have led to any orders different from those that were entered. The judge may have proceeded on a false premise, but the defendant could have presented this issue by insisting on findings and reasons that would have disclosed whether the judge did so. We will not permit the defendant’s tactical choice not to press for findings and reasons to force this court to reach a constitutional issue that we would not otherwise have to consider.

¶10The orders of the Superior Court revoking the defendant’s probation and committing the defendant in execution of the sentences imposed are affirmed.

¶11So ordered.