Barna’s Empirical Analysis
Citation profile
20 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 105 later decisions — most recently December 2024 · most notably Huffman, John Paff (2000)
20 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Graham v. Connor · Monroe v. Pape · Beck v. State of Ohio
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 105 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Probable cause need only exist as to any offense that could be charged under the circumstances.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A]cts of a state or local employee in her official capacity will generally be found to have occurred under color of state law.” (internal citations omitted)); see also Griffin v. Maryland, 378 U.S. 130, 135 , 84 S.Ct. 1770 , 12 L.Ed.2d 754 (1964) (”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“If an individual is possessed of state authority and purports to act under that authority, his action is state action. It is irrelevant that he might have taken the same action had he acted in a purely private capacity. In the same vein, off-duty police officers who purport to exercise official authority will generally be found to have acted under color of state law. Manifestations of such pretended authority may include flashing a badge, identifying oneself as a police officer, placing an individual under arrest, or intervening in a dispute involving others pursuant to a duty imposed by police department regulations .... On the other hand, a police officer’s purely private acts which are not furthered by any actual or purported state authority are not acts under color of state law.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.