42 U.S.C. § 12187
Section 12187 · Exemptions for private clubs and religious organizations
This is § 307 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 29 court decisions — leading case Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial School (1997)
Most recently applied in Chris Langer v. Milan Kiser (January 2023)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
The provisions of this subchapter shall not apply to private clubs or establishments exempted from coverage under title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000–a(e)) [42 U.S.C. 2000a et seq.] or to religious organizations or entities controlled by religious organizations, including places of worship.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
References in Text
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241, as amended. Title II of the Act is classified generally to subchapter II (§2000a et seq.) of chapter 21 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of this title and Tables.
Effective Date
Section effective 18 months after July 26, 1990, see section 310(a) of Pub. L. 101–336, set out as a note under section 12181 of this title.