United States v. Leibowitz’s Empirical Analysis
420 F.2d 39 · 1969
Citation profile
52 federal appellate · 3 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 65 later decisions — most recently October 2003 · most notably United States v. Torres (1990), United States v. Estepa (1972)
52 federal appellate · 3 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2 · 50 U.S.C. § 3811
Relies on Blockburger v. United States · Costello v. United States · Desist v. United States · Harris v. United States · Hoffa v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 65 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[i]f the grand jury is misled into thinking it is getting eye-witness testimony from the agent whereas it is actually being given an account whose hearsay nature is concealed * * * [or] if the defendant could show that there is a high probability that with eye-witness rather than hearsay testimony the grand jury would not have indicted. .”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“. . . the grand jury . . . [was] misled into believing it . . . [was] getting eye-witness testimony from the agent . . . [or that there was] a high probability that with eye-witness rather than hearsay testimony the grand jury would not have indicted.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.